Bibliography

Every guide on this site names its sources twice. A chip run under the title states the normative documents the page implements, by designation, so the governing standard is visible before the first paragraph; and at the foot a single References section, generated from the typed bibliography in the page’s frontmatter, renders every source in APA style, standards and books and papers alike, each with a DOI or an official publisher link and half a sentence on what it supports.

A normative document appears in a References list whenever a guide cites it as the source of something it uses rather than as the method it implements: ISO 3740 as the selection guide that decides which sound-power method applies, ISO 1996-2 for the tonal-audibility criterion IEC 61400-11 reuses. What a page implements clause by clause is in its chip run, and collected for the whole library in the conformance report, not here.

This page collects those sources in one list, grouped by the same ten areas the guides are grouped into, with General acoustics and Metrology as the two cross-cutting buckets at the ends. Each entry lists the guide pages that cite it. Each guide’s own References section, generated from its frontmatter, stays authoritative for that page.

General acoustics

The three works here are the ones to reach for when the question does not belong to any single area. Kinsler et al. is the first course, Rossing the one-volume survey of every domain this library touches, and Beranek and Mellow the treatment to open when the question is radiation or transduction. Bies, Hansen and Howard and Norton and Karczub are the two engineering handbooks the guides lean on most across areas: the first for room relations and enclosures, the second for its worked octave-band problems, which several guides are built around.

• Kinsler, L. E., Frey, A. R., Coppens, A. B., & Sanders, J. V. (2000). Fundamentals of acoustics (4th ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-84789-2. Publisher page. The standard first course in acoustics: plane and spherical waves, acoustic impedance and the level definitions assumed throughout the guides. Cited by Integrated and Statistical Levels.
• Rossing, T. D. (Ed.). (2014). Springer handbook of acoustics (2nd ed.). Springer. ISBN 978-1-4939-0754-0. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-0755-7. A one-volume survey of every domain this library touches, from room acoustics to psychoacoustics and underwater sound; the cross-domain reference of first resort. Cited by no single guide: it is here as the entry point for a subject the library covers in one area and the reader meets in another.
• Beranek, L. L., & Mellow, T. J. (2012). Acoustics: Sound fields and transducers. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-391421-7. doi:10.1016/C2011-0-05897-0. Sound fields, radiation and electroacoustic transducers; supports the electroacoustics and sound-power material. Cited by Electroacoustics, Loudspeaker Characterisation and Sound Power.
• Bies, D. A., Hansen, C. H., & Howard, C. Q. (2017). Engineering noise control (5th ed.). CRC Press. doi:10.1201/9781351228152. The steady-state room relations (section 6.4, Eqs. 6.43-6.44) behind steady_state_spl and room_constant, and the enclosure insertion loss of section 7.4.2 (Eqs. 7.103, 7.111) that is the library default enclosure model. Cited by Room to Room: Partition, Receiving Room, Criterion, Duct-Borne Noise: Fan to Room, Industrial Noise Control: HVAC and Enclosures, Silencers, Predicting Panel Sound Insulation, Image Sources and the Steady-State Room Field, Porous and Multilayer Absorbers, Time Weighting, Integrated and Statistical Levels and Calibration and dBFS.
• Norton, M. P., & Karczub, D. G. (2003). Fundamentals of noise and vibration analysis for engineers (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139163927. The sound power models of section 4.6 (Table 4.5, Eqs. 4.53-4.56), the room-to-room power balance of section 4.9 (Eqs. 4.92-4.101), the enclosure design equation of section 4.10 (Eqs. 4.102-4.115) and the worked problems 4.16, 4.18 and 4.21 with their printed octave-band answers, which this guide is built around. Cited by Room to Room: Partition, Receiving Room, Criterion, Duct-Borne Noise: Fan to Room, Bending-wave transmission at plate junctions and Machine fault frequencies.
• Vér, I. L., & Beranek, L. L. (2006). Noise and vibration control engineering: Principles and applications (2nd ed.). Wiley. doi:10.1002/9780470172568. The companion treatment of the ducts and enclosures of this page. Cited by Industrial Noise Control: HVAC and Enclosures and Silencers.

Signal analysis

Oppenheim and Schafer is the filter-theory backbone, and Smith the free companion when the question is design rather than analysis. Open Bendat and Piersol whenever a spectral estimate needs an error bar: it is the reference behind every random-error figure in this area, and the multiple-coherence chapter has no equivalent elsewhere. The papers are here as sources rather than as reading, each pinning one estimator: Welch for the overlapped-segment variance, Harris for the window figures of merit, Thomson and Percival and Walden for the multitaper method, Knapp and Carter for time delay, McFadden for synchronous averaging, Golay for the complementary pairs.

• Oppenheim, A. V., & Schafer, R. W. (2010). Discrete-time signal processing (3rd ed.). Pearson. ISBN 978-0-13-198842-2. Open Library record. The digital-filter theory behind the SOS cascades, the bilinear transform and the multirate decimation used by the filter banks. Cited by Filter Banks and Block Processing.
• Smith, J. O. Introduction to digital filters with audio applications (online book). Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics (CCRMA), Stanford University. ccrma.stanford.edu/~jos/filters. Free companion treatment of digital-filter design and analysis, a good next step after the filter-bank guides. Cited by Filter Banks and Filter Architecture Gallery.
• Bendat, J. S., & Piersol, A. G. (2010). Random data: Analysis and measurement procedures (4th ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-24877-5. doi:10.1002/9781118032428. The reference for the Welch spectral estimators and their statistical quality, and for the multiple-input/output coherence functions of Chapter 7 (multiple and partial coherence, conditioned spectra) with the Section 9.3 error formulas implemented by miso_coherence. Cited by Calibrated spectral analysis and Multiple and partial coherence.
• Thomson, D. J. (1982). Spectrum estimation and harmonic analysis. Proceedings of the IEEE, 70(9), 1055-1096. doi:10.1109/PROC.1982.12433. The multitaper method: Slepian tapers, eigenspectra and the adaptive weights implemented by multitaper_psd. Cited by Calibrated spectral analysis.
• Percival, D. B., & Walden, A. T. (1993). Spectral analysis for physical applications: Multitaper and conventional univariate techniques. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43541-3. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511622762. The multitaper development (Chapter 7) behind multitaper_psd and the Slepian-sequence eigenvalue tables that anchor its test oracle. Cited by Calibrated spectral analysis.
• International Electrotechnical Commission. (2014). Electroacoustics — Octave-band and fractional-octave-band filters — Part 1: Specifications (IEC 61260-1:2014). IEC webstore. The base-10 band edges and the class acceptance masks of the fractional octave banks. Cited by Filter Banks, Filter Architecture Gallery, Filter Class Verification and Multichannel and Performance.
• International Electrotechnical Commission. (2013). Electroacoustics — Sound level meters — Part 1: Specifications (IEC 61672-1:2013). IEC webstore. The A/C/Z weightings, the exponential time weightings and the level metrics of the sound level meter, with the tolerance tables used for verification. Cited by Integrated and Statistical Levels, Frequency Weighting (A, C, Z), Time Weighting and Integration and Multichannel and Performance.
• International Electrotechnical Commission. (2013). Electroacoustics — Sound level meters — Part 3: Periodic tests (IEC 61672-3:2013). IEC webstore. The periodic laboratory verification of a sound level meter. Cited by Calibration and dBFS.
• International Electrotechnical Commission. (2017). Electroacoustics — Sound calibrators (IEC 60942:2017). IEC webstore. The calibrator classes, level tolerances and the short-term stability criterion applied to calibration recordings. Cited by Calibration and dBFS.
• International Electrotechnical Commission. (2014). Sound system equipment — Part 4: Microphones (IEC 60268-4:2014). IEC webstore. The rated microphone characteristics: free-field sensitivity and its level re 1 V/Pa, the frequency response and the effective frequency range against the tolerance limits, the directional pattern and the directivity index, the overload sound pressure level, the equivalent sound pressure level due to inherent noise, and the rated impedances and power supply. Cited by Microphone Characterisation.
• International Electrotechnical Commission. (2007). Sound system equipment — Part 5: Loudspeakers (IEC 60268-5:2003+A1:2007). IEC webstore. The rated loudspeaker characteristics: rated impedance, rated frequency range, characteristic sensitivity referred to 1 W at 1 m, the effective frequency range against the -10 dB band, the directivity index and the total harmonic distortion against frequency. Cited by Loudspeaker Characterisation.
• International Electrotechnical Commission. (1982). Scales and sizes for plotting frequency characteristics and polar diagrams (IEC 60263:1982). IEC webstore. The scale proportions of the characteristic graphs: one frequency decade equal to 25 dB on the ordinate, and the polar diagram on a 25 dB reference-circle radius. Cited by Loudspeaker Characterisation and Microphone Characterisation.
• Harris, F. J. (1978). On the use of windows for harmonic analysis with the discrete Fourier transform. Proceedings of the IEEE, 66(1), 51-83. doi:10.1109/PROC.1978.10837. The window figures of merit (Table 1): equivalent noise bandwidth, coherent gain, scalloping loss, worst-case processing loss, highest sidelobe level and main-lobe width, computed by window_metrics for any scipy taper. Cited by Calibrated spectral analysis and Time-frequency analysis.
• Welch, P. D. (1967). The use of fast Fourier transform for the estimation of power spectra: A method based on time averaging over short, modified periodograms. IEEE Transactions on Audio and Electroacoustics, 15(2), 70-73. doi:10.1109/TAU.1967.1161901. The overlapped-segment variance formula behind the effective number of averages (Bendat & Piersol Section 11.5.2.2, Ref. 11). Cited by Calibrated spectral analysis.
• Knapp, C. H., & Carter, G. C. (1976). The generalized correlation method for estimation of time delay. IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 24(4), 320-327. doi:10.1109/TASSP.1976.1162830. The GCC framework, the Table I weightings and their conditions, and the maximum-likelihood (Hannan-Thomson) processor. Cited by Correlation, time delay and envelope.
• McFadden, P. D. (1987). A revised model for the extraction of periodic waveforms by time domain averaging. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 1(1), 83-95. doi:10.1016/0888-3270(87)90085-9. The comb-filter model of synchronous averaging (Eq. 8, magnitude Eq. 9), the revised finite-record model that yields an exactly periodic result, and the observation that a non-harmonic interfering order is best rejected by choosing the number of averages so that a comb node lands on it, not by the habitual power of two. Cited by Time synchronous averaging.
• Golay, M. J. E. (1961). Complementary series. IRE Transactions on Information Theory, 7(2), 82-87. doi:10.1109/TIT.1961.1057620. The original construction of the complementary pairs of §1. Cited by System measurement: Golay, shaped sweeps, inversion.
• Havelock, D., Kuwano, S., & Vorländer, M. (Eds.) (2008). Handbook of signal processing in acoustics. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30441-0. Part I Chapter 6 (Xiang, Digital Sequences): the Golay recursion of §1, the complementary-autocorrelation identity of Eq. (2) and the frequency-domain recovery procedure of Eq. (4) and Fig. 2. ISBN 978-0-387-77698-9. Cited by System measurement: Golay, shaped sweeps, inversion and Cepstrum, echoes and the envelope spectrum.

Hearing and perception

Fastl and Zwicker is the way in and stays useful long after; Moore is the better first book if the question is the auditory system rather than the metric. The standards-side works and the model papers here are sources for one algorithm each, so read the note before the paper: several are the definitive statement of a model the guides implement rather than a general treatment of hearing.

• Houtgast, T., & Steeneken, H. J. M. (1985). A review of the MTF concept in room acoustics and its use for estimating speech intelligibility in auditoria. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 77(3), 1069-1077. doi:10.1121/1.392224. The modulation-transfer framework the Speech Transmission Index is built on. Cited by Speech Transmission Index.
• French, N. R., & Steinberg, J. C. (1947). Factors governing the intelligibility of speech sounds. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 19(1), 90-119. doi:10.1121/1.1916407. The articulation-band experiments behind the band-importance function of the Speech Intelligibility Index. Cited by Speech Intelligibility Index.
• Taal, C. H., Hendriks, R. C., Heusdens, R., & Jensen, J. (2011). An algorithm for intelligibility prediction of time-frequency weighted noisy speech. IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing, 19(7), 2125-2136. doi:10.1109/TASL.2011.2114881. STOI: the shared one-third-octave front end, the normalisation and signal-to-distortion clipping, and the per-band envelope correlation the index averages. Cited by Objective Intelligibility (STOI & ESTOI).
• Taal, C. H., Hendriks, R. C., Heusdens, R., & Jensen, J. (2010). A short-time objective intelligibility measure for time-frequency weighted noisy speech. 2010 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), 4214-4217. doi:10.1109/ICASSP.2010.5495701. The short conference version of STOI. Cited by Objective Intelligibility (STOI & ESTOI).
• Jensen, J., & Taal, C. H. (2016). An algorithm for predicting the intelligibility of speech masked by modulated noise maskers. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing, 24(11), 2009-2022. doi:10.1109/TASLP.2016.2585878. ESTOI: the row- and column-normalised short-time spectrogram and its spectral-correlation intermediate index. Cited by Objective Intelligibility (STOI & ESTOI).
• Moore, B. C. J. (2013). An introduction to the psychology of hearing (6th ed.). Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004252424. The standard textbook on auditory perception; pages 76-77 give the Glasberg and Moore (1990) ERB_N auditory-filter bandwidth and the Cam (ERB_N number) frequency scale the loudness models are written on. Cited by Advanced Loudness.
• Fletcher, H., & Munson, W. A. (1933). Loudness, its definition, measurement and calculation. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 5(2), 82-108. doi:10.1121/1.1915637. The original equal-loudness measurements whose 40-phon contour became the A-weighting curve. Cited by Frequency Weighting (A, C, Z) and Loudness.
• International Organization for Standardization. (2023). Acoustics — Normal equal-loudness-level contours (ISO 226:2023). iso.org catalogue. The modern equal-loudness contours, successors of the Fletcher-Munson curves. Cited by Frequency Weighting (A, C, Z) and Loudness.
• Fastl, H., & Zwicker, E. (2007). Psychoacoustics: Facts and models (3rd ed.). Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-68888-4. The psychoacoustic-annoyance model and the closed-form fluctuation strength for amplitude-modulated broadband noise. Cited by Psychoacoustic annoyance, Loudness and Sound Quality Metrics.
• Osses Vecchi, A., García León, R., & Kohlrausch, A. (2016). Modelling the sensation of fluctuation strength. Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics, 28, 050005. doi:10.1121/2.0000410. The fluctuation-strength signal model and its Table 1 literature values. Cited by Psychoacoustic annoyance.
• Felix Greco, G., Merino-Martínez, R., Osses, A., & Lotinga, M. J. B. (2025). SQAT: a sound quality analysis toolbox for MATLAB (open-source software). github.com/ggrecow/SQAT, doi:10.5281/zenodo.7934709. The open MATLAB reference used as the numeric oracle for the fluctuation-strength cross-checks. Cited by Psychoacoustic annoyance.
• Ecma International. (2024). ECMA-418-1: Psychoacoustic metrics for ITT equipment — Part 1: Prominent discrete tones (3rd ed.). Free PDF. The freely downloadable tone-to-noise ratio and prominence ratio methods. Cited by Prominent Discrete Tones.
• Ecma International. (2025). ECMA-74: Measurement of airborne noise emitted by information technology and telecommunications equipment (22nd ed.). Free PDF. The freely downloadable parent emission standard whose Annex D delegates tone assessment to ECMA-418-1. Cited by Prominent Discrete Tones.
• International Organization for Standardization. (2016). Acoustics — Objective method for assessing the audibility of tones in noise — Engineering method (ISO/PAS 20065:2016). iso.org catalogue. The engineering method for the objective audibility of tones. Cited by Objective audibility of tones.
• International Organization for Standardization. (2017). Acoustics — Statistical distribution of hearing thresholds related to age and gender (ISO 7029:2017). iso.org catalogue. The age model of the hearing threshold and its population spread. Cited by Hearing threshold.
• International Organization for Standardization. (2005). Acoustics — Reference zero for the calibration of audiometric equipment — Part 7: Reference threshold of hearing under free-field and diffuse-field listening conditions (ISO 389-7:2005). iso.org catalogue. The audiometric zero as a sound pressure level. Cited by Hearing threshold.
• International Organization for Standardization. (2013). Acoustics — Estimation of noise-induced hearing loss (ISO 1999:2013). iso.org catalogue. The NIPTS model, its distribution and the HTLAN combination. Cited by Noise-induced hearing loss.
• Passchier-Vermeer, W. (1974). Hearing loss due to continuous exposure to steady-state broad-band noise. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 56(5), 1585–1593. doi:10.1121/1.1903482. A field study of the noise exposure-response relations later codified in ISO 1999. Cited by Noise-induced hearing loss.
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. (1998). Criteria for a recommended standard: Occupational noise exposure — Revised criteria 1998 (DHHS/NIOSH Publication No. 98-126). doi:10.26616/NIOSHPUB98126, free PDF. The freely available criteria document behind the 85 dB(A) recommended exposure limit and the hearing-conservation and fence discussion. Cited by Noise-induced hearing loss and Occupational noise exposure.
• International Organization for Standardization. (2009). Acoustics — Determination of occupational noise exposure — Engineering method (ISO 9612:2009). iso.org catalogue. The three measurement strategies and the Annex C uncertainty budget. Cited by Occupational noise exposure.
• European Parliament and Council. (2003). Directive 2003/10/EC on the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the risks arising from physical agents (noise). Official Journal of the European Union. eur-lex.europa.eu. The EU exposure action and limit values for occupational noise. Cited by Occupational noise exposure.

Rooms and buildings

Kuttruff is the reference monograph and the one to own; Long is the design-side companion when the question is architectural rather than metrological, and Hopkins is the one to open for anything structure-borne or flanking. The Sabine, Eyring, Millington, Fitzroy and Arau papers are here as the sources of the five prediction formulas rather than as reading, and each is worth opening to see what its author assumed about how absorption is distributed, which is exactly where the five disagree.

• Long, M. (2014). Architectural acoustics (2nd ed.). Academic Press. doi:10.1016/C2012-0-03257-5. The architectural-design companion to the measurement standards: the rectangular-room eigenfrequencies and the Morse/Pierce mode count (Chapter 8), the crowd self-noise of an occupied room (Chapter 17) and the gain-before-feedback criterion of a reinforcement system (Chapter 18). Cited by Image Sources and the Steady-State Room Field, Open-Plan Office Acoustics and Loudspeaker Characterisation.
• Kuttruff, H. (2016). Room acoustics (6th ed.). CRC Press. doi:10.1201/9781315372150. The reference monograph on sound fields in rooms: statistical decay theory, the Schroeder frequency, absorption and the perceptual room parameters. Cited by Room Acoustics, Reverberation-time prediction and Sound absorption in enclosed spaces.
• Sabine, W. C. (1922). Collected papers on acoustics. Harvard University Press. Free scan at the Internet Archive. The founding reverberation experiments and the Sabine law. Cited by Reverberation-time prediction.
• Eyring, C. F. (1930). Reverberation time in “dead” rooms. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1(2A), 217-241. doi:10.1121/1.1915175. The mean-free-path reverberation formula for strongly absorbing rooms. Cited by Reverberation-time prediction.
• Millington, G. (1932). A modified formula for reverberation. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 4(1), 69-82. doi:10.1121/1.1915588. The per-surface logarithmic reverberation formula. Cited by Reverberation-time prediction.
• Fitzroy, D. (1959). Reverberation formula which seems to be more accurate with nonuniform distribution of absorption. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 31(7), 893-897. doi:10.1121/1.1907814. The axial reverberation formula for anisotropic absorption. Cited by Reverberation-time prediction.
• Arau-Puchades, H. (1988). An improved reverberation formula. Acustica, 65(4), 163-180. Publisher record at Ingenta. The geometric-mean refinement of the axial reverberation formula. Cited by Reverberation-time prediction.
• Schroeder, M. R. (1965). New method of measuring reverberation time. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 37(3), 409-412. doi:10.1121/1.1909343. The backward integration of the squared impulse response into a decay curve. Cited by Room Acoustics.
• Hak, C. C. J. M., Wenmaekers, R. H. C., & van Luxemburg, L. C. J. (2012). Measuring room impulse responses: Impact of the decay range on derived room acoustic parameters. Acta Acustica united with Acustica, 98(6), 907-915. doi:10.3813/aaa.918574. The impulse-to-noise-ratio (INR) analysis of decay-range requirements. Cited by Room Acoustics.
• Everest, F. A. (2001). Master handbook of acoustics (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-136097-5. Open Library record. A practical room-acoustics handbook; its Fig. 7-22 worked example anchors the reverberation-prediction conformance suite. Cited by Reverberation-time prediction.
• Carrión Isbert, A. (1998). Diseño acústico de espacios arquitectónicos. Edicions UPC. ISBN 978-84-8301-252-9. Open Library record. A Spanish-language textbook on acoustic room design. Cited by Reverberation-time prediction.
• Beranek, L. L. (1957). Revised criteria for noise in buildings. Noise Control, 3(1), 19-27. doi:10.1121/1.2369239. The original NC curves and their speech-interference rationale. Cited by Room-noise criteria.
• Kosten, C. W., & van Os, G. J. (1962). Community reaction criteria for external noises. In The Control of Noise (National Physical Laboratory Symposium No. 12, pp. 373-387). Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. Open Library record. The NR curve family contrasted with NC. Cited by Room-noise criteria.
• Blazier, W. E. (1997). RC Mark II: A refined procedure for rating the noise of heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems in buildings. Noise Control Engineering Journal, 45(6), 243-250. doi:10.3397/1.2828446. The RC Mark II procedure later codified by ANSI/ASA S12.2 Annex D. Cited by Room-noise criteria.
• International Organization for Standardization. (2009). Acoustics — Measurement of room acoustic parameters — Part 1: Performance spaces (ISO 3382-1:2009). iso.org catalogue. Room-parameter definitions, position requirements and just-noticeable differences. Cited by Room Acoustics.
• International Organization for Standardization. (2008). Acoustics — Measurement of room acoustic parameters — Part 2: Reverberation time in ordinary rooms (ISO 3382-2:2008). iso.org catalogue. The accuracy grades and position counts of reverberation measurement. Cited by Room Acoustics.
• International Organization for Standardization. (2012). Acoustics — Measurement of room acoustic parameters — Part 3: Open plan offices (ISO 3382-3:2012; since revised as ISO 3382-3:2022). iso.org catalogue. The open-plan speech-privacy quantities. Cited by Open-Plan Office Acoustics.
• International Organization for Standardization. (2006). Acoustics — Application of new measurement methods in building and room acoustics (ISO 18233:2006). iso.org catalogue. The swept-sine and MLS acquisition of impulse responses. Cited by Measuring the Room Impulse Response.
• International Organization for Standardization. (2003). Acoustics — Measurement of sound absorption in a reverberation room (ISO 354:2003). iso.org catalogue. The reverberation-room absorption measurement behind the surface data. Cited by Sound absorption in enclosed spaces and Sound Absorption Measurement and Rating.
• European Committee for Standardization. (2003). Building acoustics — Estimation of acoustic performance of buildings from the performance of elements — Part 6: Sound absorption in enclosed spaces (EN 12354-6:2003). BSI Knowledge record (BS EN 12354-6:2003). The absorption member of the EN 12354 prediction family. Cited by Sound absorption in enclosed spaces.
• Acoustical Society of America. (2019). Criteria for evaluating room noise (ANSI/ASA S12.2-2019). ANSI webstore. The normative NC tangency method and the RC Mark II rating of its informative Annex D, with its spectral tag. Cited by Room-noise criteria.
• Hopkins, C. (2007). Sound insulation. Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-7506-6526-1. doi:10.4324/9780080550473. The comprehensive treatment of airborne and impact sound insulation: measurement chains, flanking transmission and the EN 12354 prediction framework. Cited by Field Insulation Measurement (ISO 16283), Laboratory Insulation Measurement and Predicting Sound Insulation (EN 12354).
• Vigran, T. E. (2008). Building acoustics. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-415-42853-8. doi:10.1201/9781482266016. A compact textbook on sound transmission in buildings, from single and double constructions to floating floors. Cited by Field Insulation Measurement (ISO 16283), Laboratory Insulation Measurement, Dynamic stiffness of resilient materials and Predicting Panel Sound Insulation.
• International Organization for Standardization. (2020). Acoustics — Rating of sound insulation in buildings and of building elements — Part 1: Airborne sound insulation (ISO 717-1:2020). iso.org catalogue. The reference-curve rating and the spectrum adaptation terms C and Ctr. Cited by Insulation Ratings (ISO 717).
• International Organization for Standardization. (2014). Acoustics — Field measurement of sound insulation in buildings and of building elements — Part 1: Airborne sound insulation (ISO 16283-1:2014). iso.org catalogue. The field airborne measurement method. Cited by Field Insulation Measurement (ISO 16283).
• International Organization for Standardization. (1989). Acoustics — Determination of dynamic stiffness — Part 1: Materials used under floating floors in dwellings (ISO 9052-1:1989). iso.org catalogue. The resonance method for the dynamic stiffness per unit area, identical to EN 29052-1. Cited by Dynamic stiffness of resilient materials.
• Hopkins, C., Wilson, R., & Craik, R. J. M. (1999). Dynamic stiffness as an acoustic specification parameter for wall ties used in masonry cavity walls. Applied Acoustics 58, 51-68. doi:10.1016/S0003-682X(98)00068-1. The measurement behind the 50 mm rows of Hopkins’ Table A4: butterfly 1,7 MN/m, double-triangle 16,1 MN/m and vertical-twist 94,0 MN/m. Cited by Predicting Panel Sound Insulation.
• Vorländer, M. (2020). Auralization: Fundamentals of acoustics, modelling, simulation, algorithms and acoustic virtual reality (2nd ed.). Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-51202-6. The mirror-source model of §1 (Chapter 11), with the reflection-factor and delay expressions. Cited by Image Sources and the Steady-State Room Field.
• Allen, J. B., & Berkley, D. A. (1979). Image method for efficiently simulating small-room acoustics. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 65(4), 943-950. doi:10.1121/1.382599. The reflection-count decomposition of the rectangular-room image lattice used in §1. Cited by Image Sources and the Steady-State Room Field.

Materials and surfaces

Allard and Atalla is the reference for porous media and the transfer-matrix method, and Cox and D’Antonio for anything a surface scatters rather than absorbs. The papers are the models themselves, in rough order of scope: Delany and Bazley and its Miki regression are empirical, Johnson-Koplik-Dashen and the JCA family are phenomenological with measurable parameters, and Maa is the microperforated panel in closed form.

• Allard, J. F., & Atalla, N. (2009). Propagation of sound in porous media: Modelling sound absorbing materials (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-74661-5. doi:10.1002/9780470747339. The porous-material theory linking airflow resistivity, surface impedance and absorption. Cited by Airflow Resistance, Impedance Tube and Porous and Multilayer Absorbers.
• Cox, T. J., & D’Antonio, P. (2017). Acoustic absorbers and diffusers: Theory, design and application (3rd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4987-4099-9. doi:10.1201/9781315369211. The monograph on absorber and diffuser measurement and design, by the authors behind the ISO 17497-2 diffusion-coefficient method. Cited by Sound Absorption Measurement and Rating, Diffusers and Their Coefficients, Metadiffusers and Metamaterial Absorbers.
• Jiménez, N., Umnova, O., & Groby, J.-P. (Eds.). (2021). Acoustic waves in periodic structures, metamaterials, and porous media (Topics in Applied Physics, Vol. 143). Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-84300-7. An edited umbrella volume on resonant and periodic sound-absorbing and sound-diffusing structures, from the transfer-matrix and critical-coupling theory of metamaterial absorbers to deep-subwavelength diffusers; the modern metamaterials companion to Cox & D’Antonio. Cited by Metadiffusers and Metamaterial Absorbers.
• Hargreaves, T. J., Cox, T. J., Lam, Y. W., & D’Antonio, P. (2000). Surface diffusion coefficients for room acoustics: Free-field measures of single-plane diffusion. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 108(4), 1710-1720. doi:10.1121/1.1310192. The free-field diffusion-coefficient method behind ISO 17497-2 and the published N = 7 QRD geometry of the worked example. Cited by Diffusers and Their Coefficients.
• Audio Engineering Society. (2001). AES information document for room acoustics and sound reinforcement systems — Characterization and measurement of surface scattering uniformity (AES-4id-2001). Journal of the Audio Engineering Society, 49(3), 149-165. AES standards in print. The single-plane free-field diffusion-coefficient procedure that ISO 17497-2 later standardised. Cited by Diffusers and Their Coefficients.
• Jiménez, N., Cox, T. J., Romero-García, V., & Groby, J.-P. (2017). Metadiffusers: Deep-subwavelength sound diffusers. Scientific Reports, 7, 5389. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-05710-5. The metadiffuser model: resonator-loaded slits reproducing Schroeder phase profiles and ternary sequences from deep-subwavelength panels. Cited by Metadiffusers.
• Jiménez, N., Cox, T. J., Groby, J.-P., & Romero-García, V. (2019). Beyond phase grating diffusers using locally-resonant metamaterials. Proceedings of the 23rd International Congress on Acoustics (ICA 2019), Aachen. Proceedings PDF. The congress companion to the metadiffuser paper: the transfer-matrix chain and the slow-sound dispersion picture. Cited by Metadiffusers.
• Jiménez, N., Groby, J.-P., Pagneux, V., & Romero-García, V. (2017). Iridescent perfect absorption in critically-coupled acoustic metamaterials using the transfer matrix method. Applied Sciences, 7(6), 618. doi:10.3390/app7060618. The slit + Helmholtz-resonator transfer-matrix model and the critical-coupling condition. Cited by Metamaterial Absorbers and Metadiffusers.
• Jiménez, N., Huang, W., Romero-García, V., Pagneux, V., & Groby, J.-P. (2016). Ultra-thin metamaterial for perfect and quasi-omnidirectional sound absorption. Applied Physics Letters, 109(12), 121902. doi:10.1063/1.4962328. The resonator impedance and radiation end corrections, and the published λ/88 perfect absorber. Cited by Metamaterial Absorbers and Metadiffusers.
• Stinson, M. R. (1991). The propagation of plane sound waves in narrow and wide circular tubes, and generalization to uniform tubes of arbitrary cross-sectional shape. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 89(2), 550-558. doi:10.1121/1.400379. The visco-thermal effective parameters of the slit and the square necks and cavities. Cited by Metamaterial Absorbers.
• International Organization for Standardization. (1998). Acoustics — Determination of sound absorption coefficient and impedance in impedance tubes — Part 2: Transfer-function method (ISO 10534-2:1998; adopted in Europe as EN ISO 10534-2:2001; since revised as ISO 10534-2:2023). iso.org catalogue. The two-microphone transfer-function method and its plane-wave limits. Cited by Impedance Tube.
• ASTM International. (2019). Standard test method for normal incidence determination of porous material acoustical properties based on the transfer matrix method (ASTM E2611-19, the edition implemented here; since revised as ASTM E2611-24). ASTM store. The four-microphone transfer-matrix transmission-loss method. Cited by Impedance Tube.
• International Organization for Standardization. (2018). Acoustics — Determination of airflow resistance — Part 1: Static airflow method (ISO 9053-1:2018). iso.org catalogue. The static airflow-resistance method and its reference velocity. Cited by Airflow Resistance.
• International Organization for Standardization. (2020). Acoustics — Determination of airflow resistance — Part 2: Alternating airflow method (ISO 9053-2:2020). iso.org catalogue. The alternating airflow-resistance method with the Annex A effective ratio of specific heats. Cited by Airflow Resistance.
• International Organization for Standardization. (1996). Acoustics — Determination of sound absorption coefficient and impedance in impedance tubes — Part 1: Method using standing wave ratio (ISO 10534-1:1996; implemented as its European adoption BS EN ISO 10534-1:2001). iso.org catalogue. The standing-wave-ratio method. Cited by Impedance Tube.
• International Organization for Standardization. (1997). Acoustics — Sound absorbers for use in buildings — Rating of sound absorption (ISO 11654:1997). iso.org catalogue. The weighted sound-absorption rating, its shape indicators and the absorption class. Cited by Sound Absorption Measurement and Rating.
• International Organization for Standardization. (2020). Acoustics — Determination and application of measurement uncertainties in building acoustics — Part 2: Sound absorption (ISO 12999-2:2020). iso.org catalogue. The reproducibility and repeatability uncertainties of the reverberation-room quantities and their single-number ratings. Cited by Sound Absorption Measurement and Rating.
• International Organization for Standardization. (2004). Acoustics — Sound-scattering properties of surfaces — Part 1: Measurement of the random-incidence scattering coefficient in a reverberation room (ISO 17497-1:2004+A1:2014, the edition implemented here). iso.org catalogue. The turntable scattering-coefficient method. Cited by Diffusers and Their Coefficients.
• International Organization for Standardization. (2012). Acoustics — Sound-scattering properties of surfaces — Part 2: Measurement of the directional diffusion coefficient in a free field (ISO 17497-2:2012). iso.org catalogue. The goniometer diffusion-coefficient method. Cited by Diffusers and Their Coefficients.
• International Organization for Standardization. (2002). Acoustics — Measurement of sound absorption properties of road surfaces in situ — Part 1: Extended surface method (ISO 13472-1:2002, the edition implemented here; since revised as ISO 13472-1:2022). iso.org catalogue. The subtraction technique with the Adrienne window and the sampled-area radius. Cited by In-situ Road-Surface Absorption.
• International Organization for Standardization. (2010). Acoustics — Measurement of sound absorption properties of road surfaces in situ — Part 2: Spot method for reflective surfaces (ISO 13472-2:2010, the edition implemented here; since revised as ISO 13472-2:2025). iso.org catalogue. The spot-tube method and its plane-wave and spacing limits. Cited by In-situ Road-Surface Absorption.
• Maa, D.-Y. (1998). Potential of microperforated panel absorber. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 104(5), 2861-2866. doi:10.1121/1.423870. The exact MPP impedance (Eq. 2), end corrections, design formulas and the Fig. 5 example pinned in the tests. Cited by Porous and Multilayer Absorbers and Metamaterial Absorbers.
• Jiménez, N., Romero-García, V., & Groby, J.-P. (2018). Perfect absorption of sound by rigidly-backed high-porous materials. Acta Acustica united with Acustica, 104(3), 396-409. doi:10.3813/AAA.919183. The critical-coupling condition applied to a rigidly-backed layer of ordinary high-porosity absorber, connecting the porous-material models of the characterisation section to perfect single-frequency absorption. Cited by Materials and Surfaces.
• Mechel, F. P. (Ed.) (2008). Formulas of acoustics (2nd ed.). Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-76833-3. Sections D.3-D.6 (layer reflection, multilayer scheme, diffuse-field integrals) and G.11 (empirical porous relations). Cited by Porous and Multilayer Absorbers.
• Miki, Y. (1990). Acoustical properties of porous materials — Modifications of Delany-Bazley models. Journal of the Acoustical Society of Japan (E), 11(1), 19-24. doi:10.1250/ast.11.19. The positive-real regression implemented in miki. Cited by Porous and Multilayer Absorbers.
• Johnson, D. L., Koplik, J., & Dashen, R. (1987). Theory of dynamic permeability and tortuosity in fluid-saturated porous media. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 176, 379-402. doi:10.1017/S0022112087000727. The dynamic-tortuosity model behind the JCA effective density. Cited by Porous and Multilayer Absorbers.

Vibration and structure-borne sound

Cremer, Heckl and Petersson is the structure-borne reference, Hopkins the building-acoustics companion that carries the measured junction data, and Ewins the one to open for modal testing and the FRF family. The human-vibration works are separate in kind: they support the weightings and dose measures rather than the transmission physics above them.

• Cremer, L., Heckl, M., & Petersson, B. A. T. (2005). Structure-borne sound: Structural vibrations and sound radiation at audio frequencies (3rd ed.). Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-22696-3. doi:10.1007/b137728. The standard monograph on structural vibration and its radiation: mobilities, power flow, vibration isolation, radiation efficiency and transmission across junctions. Cited by Mechanical mobility and the FRF family, Transfer stiffness of resilient elements, Sound power from surface vibration, Structure-borne sound power of equipment, Installed structure-borne sound and Elastic waves and fluid-solid coupling.
• Cremer, L., Heckl, M., & Ungar, E. E. (1973). Structure-borne sound: Structural vibrations and sound radiation at audio frequencies (1st ed.). Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-06002-4. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-10118-6. The original derivation of the wave parameters χ and ψ and the bending-wave transmission coefficients for junctions of plates. Cited by Bending-wave transmission at plate junctions.
• Craik, R. J. M. (1996). Sound transmission through buildings using statistical energy analysis. Gower. ISBN 978-0-566-07572-8. Open Library record. The SEA treatment of airborne and structure-borne transmission in buildings, with the tabulated bending-wave transmission coefficients for X, T, L and in-line junctions. Cited by Bending-wave transmission at plate junctions.
• International Organization for Standardization. (2011). Mechanical vibration and shock — Experimental determination of mechanical mobility — Part 1: Basic terms and definitions, and transducer specifications (ISO 7626-1:2011). iso.org catalogue. The FRF family and its free/blocked distinctions. Cited by Mechanical mobility and the FRF family.
• International Organization for Standardization. (2015). Mechanical vibration and shock — Experimental determination of mechanical mobility — Part 2: Measurements using single-point translation excitation with an attached vibration exciter (ISO 7626-2:2015). iso.org catalogue. The attached-exciter measurement method and its acceptance criteria. Cited by Mechanical mobility and the FRF family.
• International Organization for Standardization. (2008). Acoustics and vibration — Laboratory measurement of vibro-acoustic transfer properties of resilient elements — Part 1: Principles and guidelines (ISO 10846-1:2008). iso.org catalogue. The blocking-force idealisation behind the dynamic transfer stiffness. Cited by Transfer stiffness of resilient elements.
• International Organization for Standardization. (2009). Acoustics — Determination of airborne sound power levels emitted by machinery using vibration measurement — Part 1: Survey method using a fixed radiation factor (ISO/TS 7849-1:2009). iso.org catalogue. The upper-limit sound power from surface velocity with ε = 1. Cited by Sound power from surface vibration.
• International Organization for Standardization. (2009). Acoustics — Determination of airborne sound power levels emitted by machinery using vibration measurement — Part 2: Engineering method including determination of the adequate radiation factor (ISO/TS 7849-2:2009). iso.org catalogue. The engineering method with a measured band-wise radiation factor. Cited by Sound power from surface vibration.
• International Organization for Standardization. (1996). Acoustics — Characterization of sources of structure-borne sound with respect to sound radiation from connected structures — Measurement of velocity at the contact points of machinery when resiliently mounted (ISO 9611:1996). iso.org catalogue. The free-velocity characterization of resiliently mounted sources. Cited by Structure-borne sound power of equipment.
• Griffin, M. J. (1996). Handbook of human vibration. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-303041-2. Publisher page. The standard monograph on whole-body and hand-transmitted vibration: the biodynamics, discomfort and health-effect evidence behind the weightings, dose measures and exposure-response guidance of the vibration guides. Cited by Human Vibration and Multiple-shock whole-body vibration.
• Mansfield, N. J. (2004). Human response to vibration. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-415-28239-0. Publisher page. A compact modern textbook on the ISO 2631-1 and ISO 5349 evaluation chains, from perception and comfort to the occupational exposure limits. Cited by Human Vibration.

Environment and transport

Attenborough and Van Renterghem is the modern reference for outdoor sound and the source of the refraction material; Embleton’s review is the shortest route into ground effect. The barrier papers are the two ends of the same subject, Kurze and Anderson as the closed-form fit engineering uses and Hadden and Pierce as the exact wedge solution it approximates.

• Salomons, E. M. (2001). Computational atmospheric acoustics. Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4020-0390-5. doi:10.1007/978-94-010-0660-6. The wave-based theory of outdoor sound (parabolic equation, fast field program, refraction, turbulence) behind the engineering approximations of ISO 9613-2. Cited by Outdoor Sound Propagation.
• Attenborough, K., & Van Renterghem, T. (2021). Predicting outdoor sound (2nd ed.). CRC Press. doi:10.1201/9780429470806. Ground impedance models, the spherical-wave reflection coefficient behind the ground dip, and meteorological effects on barriers. Cited by Outdoor Sound Propagation.
• Maekawa, Z. (1968). Noise reduction by screens. Applied Acoustics, 1(3), 157-173. doi:10.1016/0003-682X(68)90020-0. The screen-attenuation chart against Fresnel number that barrier engineering formulas descend from. Cited by Outdoor Sound Propagation.
• Kephalopoulos, S., Paviotti, M., & Anfosso-Lédée, F. (2012). Common noise assessment methods in Europe (CNOSSOS-EU) (EUR 25379 EN). Publications Office of the European Union. doi:10.2788/31776, JRC repository. The common EU noise-mapping framework, contrasted with ISO 9613-2; its flow-resistivity ground classes are reused by the rotorcraft ground effect. Cited by Outdoor Sound Propagation and Rotorcraft noise.
• International Organization for Standardization. (1993). Acoustics — Attenuation of sound during propagation outdoors — Part 1: Calculation of the absorption of sound by the atmosphere (ISO 9613-1:1993). iso.org catalogue. The pure-tone atmospheric attenuation coefficient. Cited by Outdoor Sound Propagation.
• International Organization for Standardization. (1996). Acoustics — Attenuation of sound during propagation outdoors — Part 2: General method of calculation (ISO 9613-2:1996; revised in 2024, the 1996 method is the implemented one). iso.org catalogue. The implemented outdoor attenuation chain. Cited by Outdoor Sound Propagation.
• International Organization for Standardization. (2016). Acoustics — Description, measurement and assessment of environmental noise — Part 1: Basic quantities and assessment procedures (ISO 1996-1:2016). iso.org catalogue. The environmental rating framework and its Table A.1 category adjustments. Cited by Impulsive-sound prominence.
• International Organization for Standardization. (2017). Acoustics — Description, measurement and assessment of environmental noise — Part 2: Determination of sound pressure levels (ISO 1996-2:2017). iso.org catalogue. The environmental measurement standard: its Annex J adopts the engineering method for tonal audibility, and the audibility criterion IEC 61400-11 reuses comes from the Annex C of its 2007 edition. Cited by Objective audibility of tones and Wind-turbine noise.
• Nordtest. (2002). Acoustics: Prominence of impulsive sounds and for adjustment of LAeq (Nordtest Method NT ACOU 112). nordtest.info. The freely downloadable onset-rate prominence method. Cited by Impulsive-sound prominence.
• International Organization for Standardization. (2022). Acoustics — Description, measurement and assessment of environmental noise — Part 3: Objective method for the measurement of prominence of impulsive sounds and for adjustment of LAeq (ISO/PAS 1996-3:2022). iso.org catalogue. The ISO successor built on the NT ACOU 112 prominence. Cited by Impulsive-sound prominence.
• International Electrotechnical Commission. (2018). Wind turbines — Part 11: Acoustic noise measurement techniques (IEC 61400-11:2012+AMD1:2018 CSV). IEC webstore. The apparent sound power geometry, wind-speed binning and tonal audibility of wind turbines. Cited by Wind-turbine noise.
• International Electrotechnical Commission. (2005). Wind turbines — Part 14: Declaration of apparent sound power level and tonality values (IEC TS 61400-14:2005). IEC webstore. Declared values and their uncertainty for a batch of turbines. Cited by Wind-turbine noise.
• Attenborough, K., & Van Renterghem, T. (2021). Predicting outdoor sound (2nd ed.). CRC Press. doi:10.1201/9780429470806. Chapters 2 and 9 (spherical-wave ground reflection; outdoor barriers) and Chapter 11 (refraction by wind and temperature gradients, ray models and shadow zones). ISBN 978-1-4987-4007-4 (hbk), 978-0-429-47080-6 (ebk). Cited by Atmospheric refraction: rays and the GFPE and Spherical ground effect and advanced barriers.
• Kurze, U. J., & Anderson, G. S. (1971). Sound attenuation by barriers. Applied Acoustics, 4(1), 35-53. doi:10.1016/0003-682X(71)90024-7. The closed-form fit to Maekawa’s chart in the Fresnel number. Cited by Spherical ground effect and advanced barriers.
• Hadden, W. J., & Pierce, A. D. (1981). Sound diffraction around screens and wedges for arbitrary point source locations. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 69(5), 1266-1276. doi:10.1121/1.385809. The exact wedge-diffraction solution whose flat-wedge (thin-screen) limit the barrier insertion loss uses. Cited by Spherical ground effect and advanced barriers.

Aircraft noise

The certification documents come first here, because the quantity is defined by them and not by a textbook; the SAE practices are the atmospheric and spectral machinery they call up. Read ECAC Doc 29 when the question is a contour around an airport rather than a level under a flight path.

• International Civil Aviation Organization. (2017). Annex 16 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation: Environmental protection — Volume I: Aircraft noise (8th ed.). ICAO store. The aircraft noise-certification standard whose Appendix 2 defines the EPNL procedure. Cited by Aircraft noise.
• International Civil Aviation Organization. (2018). Environmental technical manual — Volume I: Procedures for the noise certification of aircraft (Doc 9501, 3rd ed.). ICAO store. The certification guidance whose worked examples (tone correction, integrated-method EPNL) serve as numeric oracles. Cited by Aircraft noise.
• International Electrotechnical Commission. (1995). Electroacoustics — Instruments for measurement of aircraft noise — Performance requirements for systems to measure one-third-octave-band sound pressure levels in noise certification of transport-category aeroplanes (IEC 61265:1995; since revised as IEC 61265:2018, the 1995 edition is the implemented one). IEC webstore. The aircraft-noise measurement-system performance tolerances. Cited by Aircraft noise.
• SAE International. (2013). Application of pure-tone atmospheric absorption losses to one-third octave-band data (SAE ARP 5534, reaffirmed 2021). sae.org. The SAE-Method one-third-octave-band atmospheric absorption for aircraft flyover spectra. Cited by Aircraft noise.
• SAE International. (2012). Standard values of atmospheric absorption as a function of temperature and humidity (SAE ARP 866B, stabilized 2012). sae.org. The predecessor SAE atmospheric-absorption practice, source of the older 50 dB-limited Approximate Method. Cited by Aircraft noise.
• SAE International. (2006). Method for predicting lateral attenuation of airplane noise (SAE AIR 5662). sae.org. The soft-ground lateral-attenuation model adopted by ECAC Doc 29. Cited by Airport noise.
• European Civil Aviation Conference. (2016). Report on standard method of computing noise contours around civil airports (ECAC.CEAC Doc 29, 4th ed.), Volume 2: Technical guide. ECAC documents page, free PDF. The European airport noise-contour method: NPD interpolation and the single-event segment calculation. Cited by Airport noise.
• European Civil Aviation Conference. (2026). Report on standard method of computing noise contours around civil airports (ECAC.CEAC Doc 29, 5th ed.), Volume 3: Reference cases and verification framework. ECAC documents page, free PDF. The reference cases and workbook used to validate the single-event chain. Cited by Airport noise.
• European Civil Aviation Conference. (2026). Report on standard method of computing rotorcraft noise contours (ECAC.CEAC Doc 32, 1st ed.). ECAC documents page, free PDF. The standard rotorcraft contour method built on the noise hemisphere. Cited by Rotorcraft noise.
• Olsen, H., Tuinstra, M., & van Oosten, N. (2024). Rotorcraft noise modelling guidance (Research Project NOISE SC01, deliverable D1.5d, contract EASA.2020.FC.06). European Union Aviation Safety Agency. EASA project page, free PDF. The NORAH2 equation-level modelling guidance, whose tables and reference hemispheres serve as oracles. Cited by Rotorcraft noise.
• Chien, C. F., & Soroka, W. W. (1975). Sound propagation along an impedance plane. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 43(1), 9-20. doi:10.1016/0022-460X(75)90200-X. The two-ray interference solution over an impedance plane behind the rotorcraft ground effect. Cited by Rotorcraft noise.
• Delany, M. E., & Bazley, E. N. (1970). Acoustical properties of fibrous absorbent materials. Applied Acoustics, 3(2), 105-116. doi:10.1016/0003-682X(70)90031-9. The one-parameter flow-resistivity ground-impedance model. Cited by Rotorcraft noise.

Underwater acoustics

Urick for the vocabulary and the sonar equation, Ainslie for the modern quantity system ISO 18405 codified and for worked numbers, and Jensen et al. only when you reach the numerical solvers, where it is the standard reference. Francois and Garrison, Ainslie and McColm, and Thorp are three absorption models of decreasing scope rather than three alternatives.

• Urick, R. J. (1983). Principles of underwater sound (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill; reprinted 1996 by Peninsula Publishing. ISBN 978-0-932146-62-5. Open Library record. The classic monograph on underwater sound: level conventions, ship radiated noise and the sonar-equation framework. Cited by Underwater acoustics and Underwater sound propagation.
• Ainslie, M. A. (2010). Principles of sonar performance modelling. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-87662-5. The systematic treatment of underwater acoustical quantities in the line that ISO 18405 standardised, the Weston energy-flux propagation regimes of shallow water, the sonar equations with seven fully numeric worked examples, and the orca audiogram. Cited by Underwater acoustics, Underwater sound propagation and Marine-mammal noise exposure.
• Medwin, H., & Clay, C. S. (1998). Fundamentals of acoustical oceanography. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-487570-8. Publisher page. Ocean acoustics from first principles; the fluid-fluid Rayleigh reflection coefficient of the seabed model. Cited by Underwater sound propagation.
• Jensen, F. B., Kuperman, W. A., Porter, M. B., & Schmidt, H. (2011). Computational ocean acoustics (2nd ed.). Springer. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-8678-8. The reference monograph on numerical propagation: normal modes, ray tracing and the parabolic equation. Cited by Underwater propagation solvers.
• Munk, W. H. (1974). Sound channel in an exponentially stratified ocean, with application to SOFAR. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 55(2), 220-226. doi:10.1121/1.1914492. The canonical deep-water sound-speed profile used by the solver examples. Cited by Underwater propagation solvers.
• Francois, R. E., & Garrison, G. R. (1982). Sound absorption based on ocean measurements: Part I: Pure water and magnesium sulfate contributions. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 72(3), 896-907. doi:10.1121/1.388170. The pure-water and magnesium-sulfate halves of the reference seawater absorption model. Cited by Underwater sound propagation.
• Francois, R. E., & Garrison, G. R. (1982). Sound absorption based on ocean measurements. Part II: Boric acid contribution and equation for total absorption. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 72(6), 1879-1890. doi:10.1121/1.388673. The boric-acid term and the complete total-absorption equation. Cited by Underwater sound propagation.
• Ainslie, M. A., & McColm, J. G. (1998). A simplified formula for viscous and chemical absorption in sea water. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 103(3), 1671-1672. doi:10.1121/1.421258. The legible simplified seawater absorption formula. Cited by Underwater sound propagation.
• Thorp, W. H. (1967). Analytic description of the low-frequency attenuation coefficient. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 42(1), 270. doi:10.1121/1.1910566. The frequency-only low-frequency absorption formula. Cited by Underwater sound propagation.
• Chen, C.-T., & Millero, F. J. (1977). Speed of sound in seawater at high pressures. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 62(5), 1129-1135. doi:10.1121/1.381646. The UNESCO international-standard sound-speed equation. Cited by Underwater sound propagation.
• Wong, G. S. K., & Zhu, S. (1995). Speed of sound in seawater as a function of salinity, temperature, and pressure. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 97(3), 1732-1736. doi:10.1121/1.413048. The ITS-90 recast of the UNESCO sound-speed coefficients, the implemented form. Cited by Underwater sound propagation.
• Del Grosso, V. A. (1974). New equation for the speed of sound in natural waters (with comparisons to other equations). The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 56(4), 1084-1091. doi:10.1121/1.1903388. The alternative pressure-based sound-speed equation. Cited by Underwater sound propagation.
• Mackenzie, K. V. (1981). Nine-term equation for sound speed in the oceans. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 70(3), 807-812. doi:10.1121/1.386920. The depth-based nine-term sound-speed equation. Cited by Underwater sound propagation.
• Leroy, C. C., & Parthiot, F. (1998). Depth-pressure relationships in the oceans and seas. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 103(3), 1346-1352. doi:10.1121/1.421275. The depth-to-pressure conversion used by the sound-speed equations. Cited by Underwater sound propagation.
• Wenz, G. M. (1962). Acoustic ambient noise in the ocean: Spectra and sources. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 34(12), 1936-1956. doi:10.1121/1.1909155. The classic ambient-noise survey behind the wind and thermal spectrum components. Cited by Underwater sound propagation.
• Carey, W. M., & Evans, R. B. (2011). Ocean ambient noise: Measurement and theory. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-7832-5. The modern treatment of ocean ambient noise: the wind “rule of fives” and the Mellen thermal-noise derivation. Cited by Underwater sound propagation.
• MacGillivray, A., & de Jong, C. (2021). A reference spectrum model for estimating source levels of marine shipping based on automated identification system data. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 9(4), 369. doi:10.3390/jmse9040369. The open-access JOMOPANS-ECHO ship source-level model and its reference calculator. Cited by Underwater sound propagation.
• Wales, S. C., & Heitmeyer, R. M. (2002). An ensemble source spectra model for merchant ship-radiated noise. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 111(3), 1211-1231. doi:10.1121/1.1427355. The ensemble merchant-ship source-spectrum model. Cited by Underwater sound propagation.
• National Marine Fisheries Service (2018). 2018 Revision to: Technical Guidance for Assessing the Effects of Anthropogenic Sound on Marine Mammal Hearing (Version 2.0). NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-OPR-59. NOAA Fisheries. The auditory weighting parameters and PTS onset thresholds of the 2018 guidance, with the Appendix D worked example. Cited by Marine-mammal noise exposure.
• National Marine Fisheries Service (2024). 2024 Update to: Technical Guidance for Assessing the Effects of Anthropogenic Sound on Marine Mammal Hearing (Version 3.0). NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-OPR-71. NOAA Fisheries. The current U.S. guidance: revised weighting parameters and the auditory injury onset criteria that supersede the 2018 PTS thresholds. Cited by Marine-mammal noise exposure.
• Southall, B. L., Finneran, J. J., Reichmuth, C., Nachtigall, P. E., Ketten, D. R., Bowles, A. E., Ellison, W. T., Nowacek, D. P., & Tyack, P. L. (2019). Marine mammal noise exposure criteria: Updated scientific recommendations for residual hearing effects. Aquatic Mammals, 45(2), 125-232. doi:10.1578/AM.45.2.2019.125. The peer-reviewed hearing groups, group audiograms and TTS/PTS onset criteria, with the errata of 45(5), 569-572. Cited by Marine-mammal noise exposure.
• Finneran, J. J. (2016). Auditory weighting functions and TTS/PTS exposure functions for marine mammals exposed to underwater noise. Technical Report 3026, SSC Pacific. Report page. The band-pass weighting-function form and the audiogram equation that the NMFS and Southall criteria both adopt. Cited by Marine-mammal noise exposure.

Sources and devices

These are the works behind emission rather than immission. Munjal is the reference for ducts and mufflers and the source of the transfer-matrix formulation; Fahy is the one to open for intensity, where the finite-difference approximation and its errors are derived rather than asserted. The last six entries are the broadcast-loudness chain, which is a normative stack of its own: ITU-R BS.1770 defines the algorithms, EBU R 128 fixes the target level and the ceiling, and the three EBU Tech documents supply the meter behaviour, the loudness range and the production practice — together with the test signals the implementation is validated against.

• Fahy, F. J. (1995). Sound intensity (2nd ed.). E&FN Spon. ISBN 978-0-419-19810-9. doi:10.4324/9780203475386. The monograph on sound energy flux: active and reactive intensity, the p-p estimator and its phase-mismatch error budget. Cited by Sound Power by Intensity Scanning and Sound Intensity (p-p).
• International Organization for Standardization. (2019). Acoustics — Determination of sound power levels of noise sources — Guidelines for the use of basic standards (ISO 3740:2019). iso.org catalogue. The selection guide for the sound-power family: grades, environments, source-size and background criteria. Cited by Sound Power.
• International Organization for Standardization. (2010). Acoustics — Determination of sound power levels and sound energy levels of noise sources using sound pressure — Precision methods for reverberation test rooms (ISO 3741:2010). iso.org catalogue. The precision reverberation-room method. Cited by Sound Power in the Reverberation Room.
• International Organization for Standardization. (2010). Acoustics — Determination of sound power levels and sound energy levels of noise sources using sound pressure — Engineering methods for an essentially free field over a reflecting plane (ISO 3744:2010). iso.org catalogue. The enveloping-surface engineering method. Cited by Sound Power by Pressure Methods.
• International Organization for Standardization. (2012). Acoustics — Determination of sound power levels and sound energy levels of noise sources using sound pressure — Precision methods for anechoic rooms and hemi-anechoic rooms (ISO 3745:2012). iso.org catalogue. The precision anechoic-room method. Cited by Sound Power by Pressure Methods.
• International Organization for Standardization. (1996). Acoustics — Declaration and verification of noise emission values of machinery and equipment (ISO 4871:1996). iso.org catalogue. The noise-emission declaration: the dual/single-number forms, $L_{WAd}=L_{WA}+K_{WA}$ and the clause 6.2 verification. Cited by Sound Power.
• International Organization for Standardization. (1993). Acoustics — Determination of sound power levels of noise sources using sound intensity — Part 1: Measurement at discrete points (ISO 9614-1:1993). iso.org catalogue. The field indicators and the dynamic-capability criterion of intensity measurement. Cited by Sound Intensity (p-p).
• International Electrotechnical Commission. (1993). Electroacoustics — Instruments for the measurement of sound intensity — Measurements with pairs of pressure sensing microphones (IEC 61043:1993; adopted in Europe as EN 61043:1994). IEC webstore. The p-p instrument standard: the cross-spectral estimator and the residual pressure-intensity index. Cited by Sound Intensity (p-p).
• Munjal, M. L. (2014). Acoustics of ducts and mufflers (2nd ed.). Wiley. doi:10.1002/9781118443767. The transfer-matrix formulation, the element matrices and the transmission loss from the compound matrix (Eq. (3.27)), and the reference treatment of dissipative and combined mufflers. Cited by Silencers.
• Novak, A., Lotton, P., & Simon, L. (2015). Synchronized swept-sine: Theory, application and implementation. Journal of the Audio Engineering Society, 63(10), 786-798. doi:10.17743/jaes.2015.0071. The synchronization condition that makes harmonic phases system properties, the closed-form inverse-filter spectrum used for the deconvolution and the fractional-sample separation. Cited by Swept-sine distortion and phase utilities.
• International Telecommunication Union. (2023). Algorithms to measure audio programme loudness and true-peak audio level (Recommendation ITU-R BS.1770-5 (11/2023)). ITU-R publication. The K-weighting pre-filter (Annex 1, Tables 1-2), the channel-weighted loudness and its two-stage gating (Annex 1, Formulae 1-7 and Table 3), the true-peak estimation guidelines (Annex 2) and the position-dependent channel weights for advanced sound systems (Annex 3, Tables 4-5). Cited by Programme Loudness & True Peak.
• European Broadcasting Union. (2023). Loudness normalisation and permitted maximum level of audio signals (EBU R 128). tech.ebu.ch/publications/r128. The −23.0 LUFS target level, the −1 dBTP ceiling and the normalisation practice built on them. Cited by Programme Loudness & True Peak.
• European Broadcasting Union. (2023). Loudness metering: ‘EBU Mode’ metering to supplement loudness normalisation (EBU Tech 3341). tech.ebu.ch/publications/tech3341. The momentary, short-term and integrated time scales, and the Table 1 minimum-requirements test signals with their tolerances, which are synthesizable and are what the implementation is checked against. Cited by Programme Loudness & True Peak.
• European Broadcasting Union. (2023). Loudness range: A measure to supplement loudness normalisation (EBU Tech 3342). tech.ebu.ch/publications/tech3342. The loudness range algorithm, its reference implementation and its Table 1 test signals, matched to ±1 LU. Cited by Programme Loudness & True Peak.
• European Broadcasting Union. (2023). Guidelines for production of programmes in accordance with EBU R 128 (EBU Tech 3343). tech.ebu.ch/publications/tech3343. The production practice behind the numbers: what to normalise, when, and what a loudness target does and does not constrain. Cited by Programme Loudness & True Peak.
• Steinmetz, C. J., & Reiss, J. D. (2021). pyloudnorm: A simple yet flexible loudness meter in Python. 150th AES Convention. github.com/csteinmetz1/pyloudnorm. An independent BS.1770 implementation, useful as a cross-check on a gated-loudness result. Cited by Programme Loudness & True Peak.

Wave simulation

There is no governing standard for this area, so its literature is its evidence. Bilbao is the way in for finite-difference schemes in acoustics, Virieux the original staggered-grid elastic formulation, and Moczo et al. the review that collects the stability and dispersion analysis the solvers are checked against.

• Williams, E. G. (1999). Fourier acoustics: Sound radiation and nearfield acoustical holography. Academic Press. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-753960-7.X5000-1. The Helmholtz integral equation behind the near-to-far-field transformation, with the outgoing free-space Green function and the far-field limit. Cited by 2D FDTD wave simulation.
• Virieux, J. (1986). P-SV wave propagation in heterogeneous media: velocity-stress finite-difference method. Geophysics, 51(4), 889-901. doi:10.1190/1.1442147. The elastic velocity-stress scheme on the fully staggered cell, its Courant bound and dispersion relations, and the liquid as the shear-free limit. Cited by Elastic waves and fluid-solid coupling.
• Moczo, P., Kristek, J., Galis, M., Pazak, P., & Balazovjech, M. (2007). The finite-difference and finite-element modeling of seismic wave propagation and earthquake motion. Acta Physica Slovaca, 57(2), 177-406. doi:10.2478/v10155-010-0084-x. The heterogeneous effective grid parameters (harmonic shear modulus, arithmetic density) and the stress-imaging free surface. Cited by Elastic waves and fluid-solid coupling.
• Brekhovskikh, L. M., & Godin, O. A. (1990). Acoustics of layered media I: Plane and quasi-plane waves. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-52369-4. The fluid-solid oracles: the oblique reflection coefficient with mode conversion, the exact Scholte characteristic equation and the three-media layer transmission. Cited by Elastic waves and fluid-solid coupling.
• van Vossen, R., Robertsson, J. O. A., & Chapman, C. H. (2002). Finite-difference modeling of wave propagation in a fluid-solid configuration. Geophysics, 67(2), 618-624. doi:10.1190/1.1468623. The fluid-solid benchmark of the staggered scheme: the effective-parameter averages, the soft-bed Scholte configuration and the points-per-wavelength rule for interface waves. Cited by Elastic waves and fluid-solid coupling.

Metrology

The GUM and its supplements are the normative framework; everything else here supports one qualification criterion. Read the GUM first even if the question is Monte Carlo, because Supplement 1 is written as a departure from it.

• Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology. (2008). Evaluation of measurement data — Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (JCGM 100:2008, the GUM). BIPM. doi:10.59161/JCGM100-2008E, free PDF. The law of propagation of uncertainty implemented by the uncertainty module. Cited by Measurement uncertainty.
• Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology. (2008). Evaluation of measurement data — Supplement 1 to the “Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement” — Propagation of distributions using a Monte Carlo method (JCGM 101:2008). BIPM. doi:10.59161/JCGM101-2008, free PDF. The Monte Carlo propagation of distributions implemented by the Monte Carlo uncertainty engine. Cited by Measurement uncertainty.
• International Organization for Standardization. (2020). Acoustics — Determination and application of measurement uncertainties in building acoustics — Part 1: Sound insulation (ISO 12999-1:2020). iso.org catalogue. The domain-specific reproducibility budget for building-acoustics single-number ratings, the companion to the general GUM machinery. Cited by Measurement uncertainty.
• Wald, A., & Wolfowitz, J. (1940). On a test whether two samples are from the same population. The Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 11(2), 147-162. doi:10.1214/aoms/1177731909. The exact conditional distribution of the number of runs, from which the runs-about-the-median acceptance regions are computed. Cited by Data qualification: stationarity and peaks.
• Rice, S. O. (1945). Mathematical analysis of random noise. The Bell System Technical Journal, 24(1), 46-156. doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1945.tb00453.x. The original derivations of the expected level-crossing and maxima rates and the peak distribution of Gaussian noise that Bendat & Piersol Section 5.5 presents (their Ref. 6; Parts I-II are in volume 23, 1944). Cited by Data qualification: stationarity and peaks.