Sound Insulation by Intensity (ISO 15186)

A reverberation room reads transmitted sound power indirectly: the receiving room integrates every watt that arrives, whichever path carried it, and the absorption area converts the room level back into a power. The sound-intensity method of ISO 15186 replaces that inference with a direct reading: a p-p intensity probe scans a measurement surface that encloses the specimen and measures the power radiated by the test element alone, so flanking transmission stays out of the number. This guide covers the intensity sound reduction index $R_I$ and its $K_c$-modified form, the element-normalized level difference of small building elements, the surface qualification indicator and the accredited test fiches. The pressure-based laboratory chain lives in Laboratory Insulation Measurement; the probe physics and its field indicators are the subject of the Sound Intensity guide.

Measuring the transmitted power directly (ISO 15186-1)

The quantity being measured is a surface integral: the net sound power crossing an imaginary surface drawn around the radiating face of the specimen, $W={\int }_S\mathbf{I}\cdot \mathbf{n}\mathrm{d}S$, where $\mathbf{I}$ is the time-averaged intensity vector and $\mathbf{n}$ the outward normal. Two consequences follow, and between them they are the whole method. First, a source outside the closed surface contributes nothing to the integral: what enters through one face leaves through another, so a flanking wall radiating into the same receiving room cancels itself out and only the enclosed specimen survives. Second, the sign matters — a patch of surface where energy is flowing back towards the specimen subtracts, which is why the standard carries a minus-sign rule (Clause 6.4.6) that no pressure-based method needs. The probe reads $\mathbf{I}\cdot \mathbf{n}$ point by point and the operator performs the integration by moving it, which makes the scan pattern part of the measurement rather than a matter of technique.

That is what the pressure method cannot do. It reads the transmitted power indirectly, from the receiving-room level and its absorption area, and the room integrates every watt that arrives whichever path carried it. The intensity method is therefore the tool of choice when flanking is high (ISO 15186-1:2000, Clause 1). From the source-room level $L_{p1}$ and the average normal intensity level $L_{In}$ over the surface (area $S_m$), for a specimen of area $S$,

$$R_I=L_{p1}-6-\left[L_{In}+10{\log }_{10}\frac{S_m}{S}\right],$$

where the $6$ dB is the diffuse-field offset between the sound pressure level and the incident intensity level. The same formula gives the apparent index $R_I^{\prime }$ in the field (ISO 15186-2). The intensity scan measures the transmitted power directly. The reverberation-room pressure method does not: it infers the power from the receiving-room level and so underestimates it, which makes the ISO 10140-2 $R$ come out slightly high. The modified index $R_{I,M}=R_I+K_c$ adds that same bias back to the intensity result, so an intensity measurement can be quoted against pressure-method data (ISO 15186-1, Clause 3.10 NOTE 1). Report $R_I$ when the aim is the true transmitted power; report $R_{I,M}$ when the aim is comparability with an ISO 10140-2 result. Earlier revisions of this guide blamed the bias on the intensity method itself, which would have called for subtracting $K_c$, not adding it. The adaptation term $K_c$ (Annex B) is $10{\log }_{10}(1+S_{b2}\lambda /8V_2)$ for a well-defined room, or the room-independent $10{\log }_{10}(1+61.4/f)$. The first form is the Waterhouse boundary-energy term, which makes the second readable as that same term evaluated at a fixed $S_{b2}/V_2$. For small elements the element normalized level difference replaces $10{\log }_{10}(S_m/S)$ with $10{\log }_{10}(S_m/A_0)+10{\log }_{10}N$ ($A_0=10{\text{m}}^2$, $N$ element units).

import numpy as np
from phonometry import building

# Source-room level Lp1 and the average normal intensity level LIn over the
# measurement surface (Sm), for a specimen of area S; 16 one-third-octave bands.
lp1 = np.full(16, 85.0)
l_in = np.full(16, 40.0)
freqs = [100, 125, 160, 200, 250, 315, 400, 500, 630, 800,
         1000, 1250, 1600, 2000, 2500, 3150]   # nominal 1/3-octave centres
kc = building.adaptation_term_kc(freqs)                  # Annex B (B.2)
res = building.intensity_sound_reduction(lp1, l_in, measurement_area=12.0, area=10.0, kc=kc)
print(round(float(res.r_i[0]), 2))          # 38.21  RI = Lp1 - 6 - [LIn + 10 lg(Sm/S)]
print(round(float(res.r_i_modified[0]), 2)) # 40.29  RI,M = RI + Kc
print(res.rating.rating)                     # 38  ->  RI,w (ISO 717-1 engine)

# Qualify the measurement surface: FpI = Lp - LIn must stay < 10 dB (< 6 dB when
# the receiving side is absorbing); the probe's residual index must exceed FpI+10.
# Lp is the receiving-room pressure level measured over the same surface, if
# possible simultaneously with the scan (Clause 6.4.2). Here it sits 6 dB above
# LIn, i.e. exactly on the absorbing-specimen criterion.
fpi = building.surface_pressure_intensity_indicator(np.full(16, 46.0), l_in)
print(round(float(fpi[0]), 1))               # 6.0

res.plot()   # measured RI vs shifted ISO 717-1 reference (needs matplotlib)

The modified index $R_{I,M}=R_I+K_c$ lifts $R_I$ (most at the low bands, where $K_c$ is largest), so an intensity measurement reproduces the ISO 10140-2 pressure result. The automatic rating is formed only for exactly 16 one-third-octave or 5 octave values.

Show the code for this figure

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
from phonometry import building

# A light wall: source-room SPL Lp1 = 85 dB and the measured normal intensity
# level LIn over the Sm = 12 m2 surface, 16 one-third-octave bands.
freqs = [100, 125, 160, 200, 250, 315, 400, 500, 630, 800,
         1000, 1250, 1600, 2000, 2500, 3150]
l_in = np.array([57.8, 61.9, 60.5, 55.6, 55.8, 55.5, 53.4, 51.6,
                 50.2, 47.7, 46.4, 45.7, 44.8, 45.2, 47.2, 52.7])
kc = building.adaptation_term_kc(freqs)           # Annex B adaptation term
res = building.intensity_sound_reduction(np.full(16, 85.0), l_in,
                                         measurement_area=12.0, area=10.0,
                                         kc=kc)

x = np.arange(len(freqs))
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.fill_between(x, res.r_i, res.r_i_modified, alpha=0.2, label="Kc adaptation")
ax.plot(x, res.r_i, "-o", label="RI (intensity)")
ax.plot(x, res.r_i_modified, "--s", label="RI,M = RI + Kc")
ax.set_xticks(x, [str(f) for f in freqs], rotation=45)
ax.set(xlabel="Frequency [Hz]", ylabel="Sound reduction index [dB]",
       title=f"RI,w = {res.rating.rating} dB, RI,M,w = {res.rating_modified.rating} dB")
ax.legend()
plt.show()

Scanning the measurement surface (Clause 6.4)

A method defined by how a probe is moved is not documented by its formula. Everything below fixes a number that the formula then consumes, and none of it is checked by the functions on this page.

The surface (Clause 6.4.1). The measurement surface totally encloses the test specimen. A specimen in a niche deeper than 0.1 m is normally measured on the flat surface of the niche opening; otherwise, and for most small building elements, the surface is box-shaped. Choose the measurement distance in the 0.1 m to 0.3 m band. Below 0.1 m the near field of the vibrating element makes the intensity change sign repeatedly, so the integral stops converging; above 0.3 m a box-shaped surface picks up too much of the room.

Qualifying the surface (Clause 6.4.2). Measure $L_{In}$ and, if possible simultaneously, the surface-averaged pressure level $L_p$, and form the surface pressure-intensity indicator $F_{pI}=L_p-L_{In}$ (Formula (10)). The surface fails qualification if the measured intensity is negative, or if $F_{pI}>10$ dB for a sound-reflecting specimen or $>6$ dB for one with an absorbing surface facing the receiving room. The remedy is ordered: first increase the measurement distance by 5 cm to 10 cm; only if that fails, add absorption to the receiving room. The criterion applies per scan and per loudspeaker position, and to the total surface — not to individual subareas (for discrete positions, to the surface average). The standard’s rule of thumb for how much absorption is enough is $S/A<1.25$, with $S$ the measurement surface and $A$ the receiving room’s absorption area, and the more flanking there is the larger $A$ has to be.

Qualification is per band, and it fails where a receiving room is least absorbent. Here the three lowest bands sit above the 10 dB line, so the surface is not qualified for a reflecting specimen at all and the scan is not yet a result; and even the qualified part sits above the 6 dB line, so this surface could not be used for a specimen with an absorbing face. The remedy is ordered by the standard: add 5 cm to 10 cm of measurement distance first, and only then put absorption into the receiving room.

Show the code for this figure

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# `np` and `building` are the imports of the first block above.

freqs = [100, 125, 160, 200, 250, 315, 400, 500, 630, 800,
         1000, 1250, 1600, 2000, 2500, 3150]
l_p = np.array([64.0, 63.0, 61.5, 59.0, 57.5, 56.0, 55.0, 54.0,
                53.0, 52.0, 51.0, 50.5, 50.0, 50.0, 51.0, 55.0])
l_in_q = np.array([51.5, 51.5, 51.0, 49.5, 49.0, 48.0, 47.5, 47.0,
                   46.5, 45.5, 44.5, 44.0, 43.5, 43.5, 44.5, 48.5])
f_pi = building.surface_pressure_intensity_indicator(l_p, l_in_q)
print(int((f_pi > 10.0).sum()), "bands fail the reflecting criterion")   # 3

fig, ax = plt.subplots()
x = np.arange(len(freqs))
ax.fill_between(x, 0.0, f_pi, where=f_pi > 10.0, alpha=0.25,
                label="surface not qualified")
ax.plot(x, f_pi, "-o", label="FpI = Lp - LIn (Formula (10))")
ax.axhline(10.0, ls="--", label="10 dB: reflecting specimen (6.4.2)")
ax.axhline(6.0, ls=":", label="6 dB: absorbing specimen")
ax.set_xticks(x, [str(f) for f in freqs], rotation=45, fontsize=8)
ax.set(xlabel="Frequency [Hz]",
       ylabel="Surface pressure-intensity indicator FpI [dB]")
ax.legend()
plt.show()

The scan (Clause 6.4.3). Hold the probe normal to the surface with its positive direction pointing outwards, away from the element. Scan in parallel lines, turning at each edge, with the line spacing normally equal to the measurement distance and denser where radiation is irregular (leaks). Keep the scan speed constant between 0.1 m/s and 0.3 m/s, make the scanning time of each subarea proportional to its area, and interrupt the measurement when crossing from one subarea to the next rather than stopping mid-area. Where a box-shaped surface meets the partition, scan as close to the wall as possible: that intersection is where radiated power is most easily lost out of the integral.

Two scans, not one (Clause 6.4.5). For each fixed loudspeaker position, carry out two complete scans with the scanning path turned 90° between them. If they differ by less than 1.0 dB in every band, the result is their arithmetic average; if any band differs by more, the measurement is not valid — repeat the pair, and if it still fails, change the line density, the surface or the environment. With several loudspeaker positions, run a qualifying pair for each and report the arithmetic mean of all scans. With a moving loudspeaker, each scan takes one complete traverse (at least one for doors, windows and small elements, two for walls) and the total scanning/traverse time per pattern is at least 120 s for windows, doors and small elements and at least 600 s for walls.

Discrete positions instead (Clause 6.4.4). Space the positions at roughly the measurement distance, denser for leaky or inhomogeneous specimens but at constant distance, follow the grade 2 procedure of ISO 9614-1 and check the array with its Annex B, and dwell at least 10 s per position. A moving loudspeaker needs at least two traverses over the complete set of positions for doors, windows and small elements, and eight for walls.

Background noise (Clause 6.5). Both the pressure level and the intensity level must exceed the background by at least 10 dB. The standard’s own test is elegant: with $F_{pI}<10$ dB, drop the source level by 10 dB; if $F_{pI}$ moves by less than 1 dB, the requirement is met.

Combining subareas, and the sign that comes with them

A large or inhomogeneous specimen is scanned as several subareas $S_{mi}$, and combine_subareas performs the area-weighted energy average of Formula (11) with $S_m={\sum }_i|S_{mi}|$ (Formula (12)). Clause 6.4.6 adds the rule with no counterpart anywhere in the pressure methods: where a subarea’s net intensity points the wrong way — energy flowing back towards the test object — a minus sign goes before that $S_{mi}$ in Formula (11). Express it by passing that subarea’s area as a negative number; its energy is then subtracted from the numerator while $S_m$ keeps the unsigned sum.

# `np` and `building` are the imports of the first block above.

# Three subareas of one 12 m2 surface: the two panes and the frame. The frame
# strip reads a net inward flow, so its area enters Formula (11) negative.
l_in_sub = np.array([
    np.full(16, 41.0),    # 5.0 m2, outward
    np.full(16, 39.0),    # 5.5 m2, outward
    np.full(16, 33.0),    # 1.5 m2, INWARD -> negative area
])
l_in_comb, s_m = building.combine_subareas(l_in_sub, [5.0, 5.5, -1.5])
print(round(float(l_in_comb[0]), 2), s_m)     # 39.36 12.0

# Ignoring the sign inflates the transmitted power, i.e. lowers RI:
l_in_naive, _ = building.combine_subareas(l_in_sub, [5.0, 5.5, 1.5])
print(round(float(l_in_naive[0] - l_in_comb[0]), 2))   # 0.24

A subarea reading inward is not a curiosity to be signed away. It means the enclosing surface is cutting through the field of something outside it — a flanking element, a second source in the receiving room — so the qualification of Clause 6.4.2 should be re-checked before the number is reported at all. $S_m$ keeps the unsigned area because it is the area actually scanned, which is what the $10{\log }_{10}(S_m/S)$ term of $R_I$ needs.

intensity_sound_reduction() / adaptation_term_kc() parameters

Parameter	Type	Units	Range / default	Notes
lp1	1D or 2D array	dB	one/band, or (positions, bands)	Source-room sound pressure level
l_in	1D or 2D array	dB	one/band, or (positions, bands)	Normal intensity level over the surface
measurement_area	float	m²	> 0	Measurement-surface area $S_m$
area	float	m²	> 0	Specimen area $S$
kc	1D array	dB	one per band / None	Adaptation term for the modified index
freq	1D array	Hz	> 0	Midband frequencies (adaptation_term_kc)
boundary_area / volume	float	m² / m³	> 0, both or neither	Room $S_{b2}$ / $V_2$ for Formula (B.1)
n	int	element units	≥ 1, default 1	Number of identical elements (intensity_element_normalized_difference only)

intensity_sound_reduction() returns an IntensityReductionResult (r_i, r_i_modified, rating, rating_modified); intensity_element_normalized_difference() an IntensityElementNormalizedResult (d_i_n_e, rating); surface_pressure_intensity_indicator() returns an array and combine_subareas() a (LIn, Sm) pair. The rating fields are formed only for exactly 16 one-third-octave or 5 octave values and are None otherwise, so a scan taken over the full ISO 15186-1 range of 100 Hz to 5000 Hz (Clause 6.6, 18 bands) must be trimmed to the ISO 717-1 range before it can be rated.

ISO 15186-1 intensity test report (.report())

IntensityReductionResult.report() writes the one-page ISO 15186-1:2000 test report of the intensity sound reduction index $R_I$, reusing the same accredited two-panel layout as the ISO 10140 and ISO 16283 fiches. Because $R_I$ is an ordinary sound reduction index, its single-number rating $R_{I,w}$ is the ISO 717-1 airborne rating evaluated on the intensity spectrum: the fiche names ISO 15186-1 in its basis line, tabulates $R_I$ to one decimal place beside the measured-versus-shifted-reference curve, boxes RI,w (C; Ctr) and prints the statement that the transmitted sound power was measured directly over the measurement surface. verbose=True annexes the $K_c$-modified index $R_{I,M}$ (Formula (9)) beside $R_I$ when an adaptation term was supplied.

The applicable ReportMetadata fields describe the intensity measurement: specimen (the tested element), area (specimen area $S$), client, manufacturer, test_room, laboratory, operator, report_id and test_date, plus the room/climate fields shared with the other insulation fiches. There is no dedicated field for the measurement-surface geometry or the scanning-versus-discrete-point acquisition method; record those in notes and name the standard in measurement_standard ("ISO 15186-1"). The requirement verdict, language="es" and the phonometry[report] extra behave exactly as in the sibling fiches.

import numpy as np
from phonometry import building, ReportMetadata

freqs = np.array([100, 125, 160, 200, 250, 315, 400, 500, 630, 800,
                  1000, 1250, 1600, 2000, 2500, 3150], dtype=float)
lp1, sm, s = 85.0, 12.0, 10.0
l_in = np.array([57.8, 61.9, 60.5, 55.6, 55.8, 55.5, 53.4, 51.6,
                 50.2, 47.7, 46.4, 45.7, 44.8, 45.2, 47.2, 52.7])
kc = building.adaptation_term_kc(freqs)                 # Annex B, Formula (B.2)
res = building.intensity_sound_reduction(
    np.full(16, lp1), l_in, measurement_area=sm, area=s, kc=kc
)
metadata = ReportMetadata(
    specimen="100 mm autoclaved aerated concrete block wall",
    area=10.0, measurement_standard="ISO 15186-1",
    test_room="Transmission suite (example)",
    laboratory="Phonometry Reference Laboratory",
    report_id="PHN-2026-0150",
    requirement=30.0,                                   # RI,w >= 30 dB -> PASS
)
res.report("RIw.pdf", metadata=metadata)                # RI,w (C; Ctr)
res.report("RIw_kc.pdf", metadata=metadata, verbose=True)  # f | RI | RI,M

The example fiche is regenerated with make reports and kept in the repository. Click the preview to open the PDF:

One-page laboratory intensity sound insulation test report of a building element: the metadata header (client, specimen description, mounting, sample area, room volumes, climate), the one-third-octave RI table beside the measured-versus-shifted-reference curve, the boxed RI,w (C; Ctr) rating evaluated per ISO 717-1, the intensity-method statement and a PASS verdict against the 30 dB requirement.

Download the report (PDF)

Intensity fiche (IntensityReductionResult.report), RI,w (C; Ctr).

Small building elements: the element-normalized level difference

For a small building element (a ventilator, a socket, a small window) the intensity method reports the element-normalized level difference $D_{I,n,e}$ (Formula (8)) instead, normalized to the reference absorption area $A_0=10{\text{m}}^2$. IntensityElementNormalizedResult.report() writes the same one-page fiche through the shared renderer, boxing DI,n,e,w (C; Ctr) rated per ISO 717-1; verbose=True shows the ISO 717 evaluation per band and a requirement adds a PASS/FAIL verdict (the element insulation passes at or above the target).

import numpy as np
from phonometry import building, ReportMetadata

lp1, sm, n = 85.0, 12.0, 1                              # source SPL, surface, units
l_in = np.array([57.9, 62.0, 60.6, 55.7, 55.9, 55.6, 53.5, 51.7,
                 50.3, 47.8, 46.5, 45.8, 44.9, 45.3, 47.3, 52.8])
res = building.intensity_element_normalized_difference(
    np.full(16, lp1), l_in, measurement_area=sm, n=n
)
res.plot()   # DI,n,e vs shifted ISO 717-1 reference (needs matplotlib)
metadata = ReportMetadata(
    specimen="Trickle ventilator in a 100 mm masonry wall",
    measurement_standard="ISO 15186-1",
    laboratory="Phonometry Reference Laboratory",
    report_id="PHN-2026-0151",
    requirement=30.0,                                   # DI,n,e,w >= 30 dB -> PASS
)
res.report("DIne.pdf", metadata=metadata)               # DI,n,e,w (C; Ctr)

The small element is rated exactly like a wall: $D_{I,n,e}$ feeds the ISO 717-1 engine and the unfavourable deviations (reference above the measurement) set $D_{I,n,e,w}$. The $10{\log }_{10}(S_m/A_0)$ normalization replaces the specimen-area term, so the number describes the element irrespective of the wall it sits in.

Show the code for this figure

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
from phonometry import building

# A trickle ventilator in a masonry wall: source-room SPL 85 dB and the
# normal intensity level over the Sm = 12 m2 measurement surface.
l_in = np.array([57.9, 62.0, 60.6, 55.7, 55.9, 55.6, 53.5, 51.7,
                 50.3, 47.8, 46.5, 45.8, 44.9, 45.3, 47.3, 52.8])
res = building.intensity_element_normalized_difference(
    np.full(16, 85.0), l_in, measurement_area=12.0, n=1
)

# One line — DI,n,e vs the shifted ISO 717-1 reference:
res.plot()
plt.show()

# By hand, from the rating the result carries:
w = res.rating
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.semilogx(w.band_centers, res.d_i_n_e, "o-", label="DI,n,e (element)")
ax.semilogx(w.band_centers, w.shifted_reference, "s--",
            label="shifted reference")
ax.fill_between(w.band_centers, w.measured, w.shifted_reference,
                where=w.measured < w.shifted_reference, interpolate=True,
                alpha=0.3, label="unfavourable deviations")
ax.set_xlabel("Frequency [Hz]")
ax.set_ylabel("Element normalized level difference [dB]")
ax.set_title(f"DI,n,e,w = {w.rating} dB  (C={w.c:+d}; Ctr={w.ctr:+d})")
ax.legend()
plt.show()

One-page laboratory element-normalized sound intensity insulation test report of a small building element: the metadata header (client, specimen description, mounting, element area), the one-third-octave DI,n,e table beside the measured-versus-shifted-reference curve, the boxed DI,n,e,w (C; Ctr) rating evaluated per ISO 717-1, the intensity-method statement and a PASS verdict against the 30 dB requirement.

Download the report (PDF)

Element intensity fiche (IntensityElementNormalizedResult.report), DI,n,e,w (C; Ctr).

Laboratory or field (ISO 15186-2)

Part 1 is a laboratory method: the specimen sits in a test opening between two rooms, and the suppressed flanking of the facility makes $R_I$ a property of the element. ISO 15186-2 takes the same probe, the same surface scan and the same formula into the finished building, where the result is the apparent index $R_I^{\prime }$ of the installed element, flanking radiation and all. The selectivity that motivated the method in the laboratory doubles in the field: because the probe reads only what its measurement surface radiates, partial surfaces isolate which element (the wall itself, a window, a leaky junction) carries the transmitted power, which no pressure-based field method can resolve. Qualify each scan with the same pressure-intensity indicator, and expect the probe’s own limits (the spacer phase error) to set the usable low-frequency range.

What this guide covers

• Covered

  ISO 15186-1:2000’s intensity sound reduction index $R_I$ (Clause 3.8), its $K_c$-modified $R_{I,M}$ (Annex B) and the element-normalized $D_{I,n,e}$ (Clause 3.9), with the subarea combination of Formulas (11)-(12) and the surface pressure-intensity indicator, via building.intensity_sound_reduction, building.adaptation_term_kc, building.intensity_element_normalized_difference, building.surface_pressure_intensity_indicator and building.combine_subareas; the single-number ratings reuse the verified ISO 717-1 engine, and both results write the one-page test fiche through .report().

• Not covered

  The sound-intensity measurement itself (the scanning probe, the two-microphone acquisition and phase-mismatch calibration behind $L_{p1}$ and $L_{In}$) is not implemented: both levels are taken as already-measured inputs, and the ISO 15186-1 report fiche states explicitly that it has no field for the measurement-surface geometry or the scanning-versus-discrete-point acquisition method. Nothing here enforces the Clause 6.4 acquisition documented above either — the 0.1–0.3 m stand-off, the 0.1–0.3 m/s scan speed, the 90°-rotated second scan and its 1.0 dB validity test, the 10 dB background margin — so a single scan will produce a number just as readily as a qualified pair. ISO 15186-2’s own field procedure (loudspeaker positions, the façade cases) and the low-frequency Part 3 variant are not implemented either: the formulas here apply unchanged to field data, but nothing checks how that data was acquired.

See also

• Laboratory Insulation Measurement: the ISO 10140 pressure method that the $K_c$ adaptation reproduces.
• Field Insulation Measurement (ISO 16283): the pressure-based field quantities and their single-number ratings.
• Insulation Ratings (ISO 717): the reference-curve engine behind $R_{I,w}$ and $D_{I,n,e,w}$.
• Sound Intensity: the two-microphone probe, its field indicators and the residual-index qualification behind every scan.
• Theory: the reference-curve derivation behind the weighted single-number ratings.
• API reference: building.measurement.intensity_insulation.

References

• Hopkins, C. (2007). Sound insulation. Butterworth-Heinemann. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780080550473The reference monograph for laboratory sound-insulation measurement, including the intensity route and its relation to the pressure methods. ISBN 978-0-7506-6526-1.
• International Organization for Standardization. (2000). Acoustics — Measurement of sound insulation in buildings and of building elements using sound intensity — Part 1: Laboratory measurements (ISO 15186-1:2000). The sound-intensity sound reduction index R_I, its Kc-modified form and the element normalized level difference (laboratory); the tool of choice when flanking is high (Clause 1).
• International Organization for Standardization. (2003). Acoustics — Measurement of sound insulation in buildings and of building elements using sound intensity — Part 2: Field measurements (ISO 15186-2:2003). The field counterpart of the intensity method, giving the apparent index R'_I.