building.measurement.heavy_impact

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Heavy and soft impact sources: rubber ball and bang machine (ISO 16283-2:2020 Annex A, ISO 10140-5:2010 Annex F, JIS A 1418-2:2019, ISO 717-2:2020 Annex D).

The ISO tapping machine is a light impact source: five 500 g hammers dropped from 40 mm produce a short, hard, quasi-stationary excitation whose spectrum peaks well above 100 Hz. Real heavy impacts in a dwelling, a child jumping off a chair or an adult walking barefoot, are slow, soft and low-frequency, and the tapping machine says almost nothing about them. The standard heavy impact sources were introduced for exactly that: a hollow silicone rubber ball dropped from 1 m, and the bang machine, a car tyre dropped from 85 cm. Both excite the floor with a single-peak force pulse about 20 ms long that puts most of its energy below 125 Hz, and both are rated by a maximum (Fast time-weighted) sound pressure level rather than by an energy average.

Impact force exposure level (ISO 16283-2 Formula (A.1) = JIS A 1418-2 Formula (1)). A heavy source is specified not by its geometry but by the octave-band energy of its force pulse:

L_{F E} = 10 lo g_{10} [\frac{1}{T _{ref}} \int_{t_{1}}^{t_{2}} \frac{F ( t ) ^{2}}{F _{0}^{2}} d t] dB re 1 N

with $F_{0} = 1$ N, $T_{ref} = 1$ s and $t_{2} - t_{1}$ the duration of the impact force. The specification is stated per octave band, so the force record is band-filtered before the integral (JIS A 1418-2:2019 Annex C puts the filter between the force transducer and the analyser). impact_force_exposure_level evaluates the integral over whatever record it is given, i.e. one band at a time; heavy_impact_source_limits returns the printed octave-band tolerance table and check_heavy_impact_source verifies the five band results against it.

The two source specifications are printed identically in ISO 16283-2:2020 Table A.1 and ISO 10140-5:2010 Table F.1 (rubber ball), and in JIS A 1418-2:2019 Tables A.2 (rubber ball, impact force characteristic 2) and A.1 (bang machine, impact force characteristic 1):

=========== ==================== ===================== Octave (Hz) Rubber ball LFE (dB) Bang machine LFE (dB) =========== ==================== ===================== 31,5 39,0 +/- 1,0 47,0 +/- 1,0 63 31,0 +/- 1,5 40,0 +/- 1,5 125 23,0 +/- 1,5 22,0 +/- 1,5 250 17,0 +/- 2,0 11,5 +/- 2,0 500 12,5 +/- 2,0 5,5 +/- 2,0 =========== ==================== =====================

Standardized maximum impact sound pressure level (ISO 16283-2 Formulae (4), (5) and (6)). Because the rated quantity is a maximum of a Fast-weighted level and not an energy average, the receiving room cannot be corrected with the usual $10 lo g_{10} (T / T_{0})$ : the Fast detector only ever sees the first 1.7275 s worth of decay. The standard therefore uses:

L_{i, Fmax, V, T}^{'} = L_{i, Fmax} + 10 lo g_{10} (V / V_{0}) - 10 lo g_{10} [\frac{g ( C )}{g ( C _{0} )}]

C_{0} = \frac{T _{0}}{1.7275} (5)

C = \frac{T}{1.7275} (6)

with $T_{0} = 0.5$ s, $V_{0} = 50$ m³ and, writing Formula (4) in the compact form used here,

g (C) = \frac{C ^{1/ (1 - C)} - C ^{- 1/ (1 - 1/ C)}}{1 - 1/ C}

g is the peak of the Fast-weighted response to an exponentially decaying burst; for $T = T_{0}$ the bracket collapses to 1 and the correction reduces to the pure volume term $10 lo g_{10} (V / V_{0})$ , as it must. See standardized_maximum_impact_level and fast_reverberation_correction.

A-weighted rating (ISO 717-2:2020 Annex D, normative). The single number is not a shifted reference curve but an A-weighted sum (Formula (D.1)):

X_{iA, Fmax} = 10 lo g_{10} (j \sum 1 0^{(X_{i, Fmax, j} + A_{j}) /10})

over the one-third-octave bands 50 Hz to 630 Hz or the octave bands 63 Hz to 500 Hz, with the Table D.3 A-weighting corrections, rounded half-up to an integer. One-third-octave measurements are rated in one-third octaves, never by first summing them into octaves. See a_weighted_maximum_impact_level; heavy_impact_octave_levels implements the separate octave-band conversion of ISO 16283-2 Formula (20), used when the measurement is reported in octaves.

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a_weighted_maximum_impact_level

a_weighted_maximum_impact_level(
    level: ArrayLike,
    frequency: ArrayLike | Sequence[float] | None = None,
    *,
    band: str | None = None,
) -> AWeightedMaximumImpactResult

A-weighted maximum impact level XiA,Fmax (ISO 717-2:2020, (D.1)).

$X_{iA, Fmax} = 10 lo g_{10} (\sum_{j} 1 0^{(X_{i, Fmax, j} + A_{j}) /10})$ , rounded half-up to an integer, over the one-third-octave bands 50 Hz to 630 Hz (12 values) or the octave bands 63 Hz to 500 Hz (4 values), with the A-weighting corrections of Table D.3. The same formula rates LiA,Fmax, LiA,Fmax,V,T, L'iA,Fmax and L'iA,Fmax,V,T.

Parameters

Name	Description
`level`	Maximum impact sound pressure levels `Xi,Fmax,j`, in dB, in ascending band order.
`frequency`	Optional band centre frequencies, in Hz. When given they must be exactly the rating bands of the chosen band width.
`band`	`"third"` or `"octave"`; inferred from the number of values (12 -> third, 4 -> octave) when omitted.

Returns: An AWeightedMaximumImpactResult.

Raises

Exception	When
ValueError	for a wrong number of values or mismatched bands.

AWeightedMaximumImpactResult

AWeightedMaximumImpactResult(
    frequencies: np.ndarray,
    band: str,
    levels: np.ndarray,
    a_weighting: np.ndarray,
    corrected: np.ndarray,
    unrounded: float,
    rating: int,
)

A-weighted maximum impact sound pressure level (ISO 717-2 Annex D).

Attributes

Name	Description
`frequencies`	Band centre frequencies, in Hz.
`band`	`"third"` (50-630 Hz) or `"octave"` (63-500 Hz).
`levels`	Input maximum levels `Xi,Fmax,j` per band, in dB.
`a_weighting`	Table D.3 correction `Aj` per band, in dB.
`corrected`	`Xi,Fmax,j + Aj` per band, in dB.
`unrounded`	The Formula (D.1) sum before rounding, in dB.
`rating`	The single-number quantity `XiA,Fmax`, rounded half-up to an integer, in dB.

AWeightedMaximumImpactResult.plot()

AWeightedMaximumImpactResult.plot(
    ax: Axes | None = None,
    *,
    language: str = 'en',
    **kwargs: Any,
) -> Axes

Plot the band levels, their A-weighted contributions and the rating.

Requires matplotlib (pip install phonometry[plot]); returns the Axes.

check_heavy_impact_source

check_heavy_impact_source(
    force_exposure_level: ArrayLike,
    source: str = 'rubber_ball',
) -> HeavyImpactSourceCheck

Check a measured heavy impact source against its printed spectrum.

Compares the five measured octave-band impact force exposure levels with the tolerance band of ISO 16283-2:2020 Table A.1 / ISO 10140-5:2010 Table F.1 / JIS A 1418-2:2019 Table A.2 (rubber ball) or JIS A 1418-2:2019 Table A.1 (bang machine).

Parameters

Name	Description
`force_exposure_level`	Measured `LFE` in the five octave bands 31,5 Hz to 500 Hz, in dB re 1 N.
`source`	`"rubber_ball"` or `"bang_machine"`.

Returns: A HeavyImpactSourceCheck.

Raises

Exception	When
ValueError	for an unknown source or a wrong number of bands.

fast_reverberation_correction

fast_reverberation_correction(
    reverberation_time: ArrayLike,
    *,
    reference_time: float = 0.5,
) -> np.ndarray

Fast time-weighting reverberation correction (Formulae (4), (5), (6)).

The term $10 lo g_{10} [g (C) / g (C_{0})]$ subtracted in ISO 16283-2:2020 Formula (4), with $C = T /1.7275$ (Formula (6)) and $C_{0} = T_{0} /1.7275$ (Formula (5)). It is the maximum-level counterpart of the energy-average $10 lo g_{10} (T / T_{0})$ : a Fast detector never integrates more than about 1.7 s of decay, so the correction saturates instead of growing without bound. It is exactly 0 dB when $T = T_{0}$ .

Parameters

Name	Description
`reverberation_time`	Receiving-room reverberation time `T` per band, in seconds (> 0).
`reference_time`	Reference reverberation time `T0`, in seconds (Default: 0,5 s).

Returns: The correction per band, in dB.

Raises

Exception	When
ValueError	for a non-positive reverberation time.

HEAVY_IMPACT_A_WEIGHTING

Constant (dict).

HEAVY_IMPACT_A_WEIGHTING = {'third': {50.0: -30.3, 63.0: -26.2, 80.0: -22.4, 100.0: -19.1, 125.0: -16.2, 160.0: -13.2, 200.0: -10.8, 250.0: -8.7, 315.0: -6.6, 400.0: -4.8, 500.0: -3.2, 630.0: -1.9}, 'octave': {63.0: -26.2, 125.0: -16.2, 250.0: -8.7, 500.0: -3.2}}

HEAVY_IMPACT_OCTAVE_BANDS

Constant (tuple).

HEAVY_IMPACT_OCTAVE_BANDS = (31.5, 63.0, 125.0, 250.0, 500.0)

heavy_impact_octave_levels

heavy_impact_octave_levels(level: ArrayLike) -> np.ndarray

Combine one-third-octave maximum levels into octaves (Formula (20)).

L_{i, Fmax, V, T, oct}^{'} = 10 lo g_{10} (n = 1 \sum 3 1 0^{L_{i, Fmax, V, T, 1/3oct, n}^{'} /10})

(ISO 16283-2:2020, printed p. 19). The input length must be a multiple of three and the bands must be in ascending order, three per octave.

Note that ISO 717-2:2020 Annex D forbids using this conversion as a route to the single number: a one-third-octave measurement is rated in one-third octaves with a_weighted_maximum_impact_level.

Parameters

Name	Description
`level`	One-third-octave levels in ascending order, in dB.

Returns: The octave-band levels, in dB.

Raises

Exception	When
ValueError	when the length is not a positive multiple of three.

heavy_impact_source_limits

heavy_impact_source_limits(
    source: str = 'rubber_ball',
) -> tuple[np.ndarray, np.ndarray, np.ndarray]

Octave-band LFE tolerance band of a heavy impact source.

Parameters

Name	Description
`source`	`"rubber_ball"` or `"bang_machine"`.

Returns: (frequencies, lower, upper): the five octave-band centre frequencies in Hz and the LFE tolerance limits in dB re 1 N.

Raises

Exception	When
ValueError	for an unknown source name.

heavy_impact_source_specification

heavy_impact_source_specification(
    source: str = 'rubber_ball',
) -> HeavyImpactSourceSpec

Printed specification of a standard heavy and soft impact source.

Parameters

Name	Description
`source`	`"rubber_ball"` (ISO 16283-2 Annex A.2, ISO 10140-5 Annex F.2, JIS A 1418-2 impact force characteristic 2) or `"bang_machine"` (JIS A 1418-2 impact force characteristic 1).

Returns: The HeavyImpactSourceSpec.

Raises

Exception	When
ValueError	for an unknown source name.

HEAVY_IMPACT_SOURCES

Constant (dict).

HEAVY_IMPACT_SOURCES = {'rubber_ball': ((39.0, 1.0), (31.0, 1.5), (23.0, 1.5), (17.0, 2.0), (12.5, 2.0)), 'bang_machine': ((47.0, 1.0), (40.0, 1.5), (22.0, 1.5), (11.5, 2.0), (5.5, 2.0))}

HeavyImpactSourceCheck

HeavyImpactSourceCheck(
    source: str,
    frequencies: np.ndarray,
    measured: np.ndarray,
    nominal: np.ndarray,
    tolerance: np.ndarray,
    deviation: np.ndarray,
    within_tolerance: np.ndarray,
    passed: bool,
)

Conformance of a measured heavy impact source to its printed spectrum.

Attributes

Name	Description
`source`	`"rubber_ball"` or `"bang_machine"`.
`frequencies`	Octave-band centre frequencies, in Hz.
`measured`	Measured impact force exposure level `LFE`, in dB re 1 N.
`nominal`	Printed nominal `LFE` per band, in dB re 1 N.
`tolerance`	Printed tolerance per band, in dB.
`deviation`	`measured - nominal` per band, in dB.
`within_tolerance`	Per-band boolean mask of conforming bands.
`passed`	`True` when every band conforms.

HeavyImpactSourceCheck.plot()

HeavyImpactSourceCheck.plot(
    ax: Axes | None = None,
    *,
    language: str = 'en',
    **kwargs: Any,
) -> Axes

Plot the measured LFE against the printed tolerance band.

Requires matplotlib (pip install phonometry[plot]); returns the Axes.

HeavyImpactSourceSpec

HeavyImpactSourceSpec(
    name: str,
    frequencies: tuple[float, ...],
    force_exposure_level: tuple[float, ...],
    tolerance: tuple[float, ...],
    drop_height: float,
    drop_height_tolerance: float,
    effective_mass: float,
    effective_mass_tolerance: float,
    restitution: float,
    restitution_tolerance: float,
    contact_time: float,
    contact_time_tolerance: float,
    description: str,
)

Printed specification of a standard heavy and soft impact source.

Annex A is normative in both standards, and the drop height belongs to its requirements clause (ISO 16283-2 A.2.1: dropped in free fall from (100 +/- 1) cm measured from the bottom of the ball), as do the force exposure levels and the 20 +/- 2 ms single-peak impact duration (JIS A 1418-2 A.2 b)). The remaining mechanical figures, the effective mass, the coefficient of restitution and the ball geometry, come from the example of construction clauses, which are informative (ISO 16283-2 A.2.2, JIS A 1418-2 Annex B): a source that meets the printed spectrum by other means still conforms.

Attributes

Name	Description
`name`	`"rubber_ball"` or `"bang_machine"`.
`frequencies`	Octave-band centre frequencies, in Hz.
`force_exposure_level`	Nominal `LFE` per band, in dB re 1 N.
`tolerance`	Tolerance on `LFE` per band, in dB.
`drop_height`	Free-fall drop height, in m.
`drop_height_tolerance`	Tolerance on the drop height, in m.
`effective_mass`	Effective (equivalent) mass of the source, in kg.
`effective_mass_tolerance`	Tolerance on the effective mass, in kg.
`restitution`	Coefficient of restitution.
`restitution_tolerance`	Tolerance on the coefficient of restitution.
`contact_time`	Nominal duration of the single-peak force pulse, in s (JIS A 1418-2:2019 A.2 b): `20 +/- 2 ms` for both characteristics).
`contact_time_tolerance`	Tolerance on the contact time, in s.
`description`	One-line description of the source.

impact_force_exposure_level

impact_force_exposure_level(
    force: ArrayLike,
    sample_rate: float,
    *,
    reference_force: float = 1.0,
    reference_time: float = 1.0,
) -> float

Impact force exposure level LFE of a force pulse (Formula (A.1)).

$L_{F E} = 10 lo g_{10} [(1/ T_{ref}) \int F (t)^{2} / F_{0}^{2} d t]$ dB re 1 N (ISO 16283-2:2020 Formula (A.1) = ISO 10140-5:2010 Formula (F.2) = JIS A 1418-2:2019 Formula (1)). The integral is taken over the whole supplied record with the trapezoidal rule, so pass one isolated impact.

.. important::

The specification tables are per octave band: JIS A 1418-2:2019 Annex C measures the force with a band filter between the force transducer and the analyser, and ISO 16283-2 Table A.1 tabulates one LFE for each of the five octaves. This function integrates whatever record it is given, so feeding it an unfiltered pulse returns the broadband level, which is several decibels above any single band value and must not be compared with the table. Band-filter the force record first (for example with OctaveFilterBank) and call this once per band, then hand the five results to check_heavy_impact_source.

Parameters

Name	Description
`force`	Sampled instantaneous force `F(t)`, in newtons (1-D).
`sample_rate`	Sampling rate of force, in hertz (> 0).
`reference_force`	Reference force `F0`, in newtons (Default: 1 N).
`reference_time`	Reference time interval `Tref`, in seconds (Default: 1 s).

Returns: The impact force exposure level LFE, in dB re 1 N.

Raises

Exception	When
ValueError	for a malformed record or a non-positive parameter.

standardized_maximum_impact_level

standardized_maximum_impact_level(
    level: ArrayLike,
    volume: float,
    reverberation_time: ArrayLike,
    *,
    frequency: ArrayLike | None = None,
    reference_time: float = 0.5,
    reference_volume: float = 50.0,
) -> StandardizedMaximumImpactResult

Standardized maximum impact level L'i,Fmax,V,T (Formulae (4)-(6)).

$L_{i, Fmax, V, T}^{'} = L_{i, Fmax} + 10 lo g_{10} (V / V_{0}) - 10 lo g_{10} [g (C) / g (C_{0})]$ (ISO 16283-2:2020, definition 3.16), the field quantity used to rate a floor excited by the rubber ball. The reverberation term is fast_reverberation_correction.

Parameters

Name	Description
`level`	Energy-averaged maximum impact sound pressure level `Li,Fmax` per band, in dB.
`volume`	Receiving-room volume `V`, in m3 (> 0).
`reverberation_time`	Receiving-room reverberation time `T` per band, in seconds (> 0); a scalar is broadcast over the bands.
`frequency`	Optional band centre frequencies, in Hz.
`reference_time`	Reference reverberation time `T0`, in seconds (Default: 0,5 s).
`reference_volume`	Reference volume `V0`, in m3 (Default: 50 m3 for dwellings).

Returns: A StandardizedMaximumImpactResult.

Raises

Exception	When
ValueError	for mismatched shapes or non-positive inputs.

StandardizedMaximumImpactResult

StandardizedMaximumImpactResult(
    frequencies: np.ndarray | None,
    measured: np.ndarray,
    standardized: np.ndarray,
    volume_term: float,
    reverberation_correction: np.ndarray,
    volume: float,
    reverberation_time: np.ndarray,
)

Standardized maximum impact sound pressure level (ISO 16283-2 3.16).

Attributes

Name	Description
`frequencies`	Band centre frequencies, in Hz, or `None`.
`measured`	Energy-averaged maximum level `Li,Fmax` per band, in dB.
`standardized`	`L'i,Fmax,V,T` per band, in dB.
`volume_term`	The volume correction $10 lo g_{10} (V / V_{0})$ , in dB (scalar).
`reverberation_correction`	The $10 lo g_{10} [g (C) / g (C_{0})]$ term subtracted per band, in dB.
`volume`	Receiving-room volume `V`, in m3.
`reverberation_time`	Receiving-room reverberation time `T` per band, in seconds.

StandardizedMaximumImpactResult.plot()

StandardizedMaximumImpactResult.plot(
    ax: Axes | None = None,
    *,
    language: str = 'en',
    **kwargs: Any,
) -> Axes

Plot Li,Fmax and L'i,Fmax,V,T per band.

Requires matplotlib (pip install phonometry[plot]); returns the Axes.

Creado y mantenido por José Manuel Requena Plens ORCID Todos los proyectos